Thermo Lab1

Faculty of Engineering & Applied Science MECE2640U Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer LABORATORY REPORT Course Instructors: Lab Instructor: Hidayat Shahid P.Eng Lab TA: Andre Bolt LAB REPORT TITLE & #: Lab Report #1: Marcet Boiler Unit LAB GROUP NUMBER #: 33 LAB GROUP MEMBERS # Surname Name ID Signature 1 Maliavine Nicholas 100754668 2 Girard Brady 100846795 3 Tran Quang Truong 100822451 4 Erebua Crissy 100779965 Remarks:  If one in group cheats, the entire group will be responsible for it.  Plagiarism and dishonesty will not be tolerated.  The group member(s), who don’t sign the report, will be considered “not contributed” and given “zero” for the report.  This cover sheet should be fully completed.  All reports should be submitted as directed by the Lab Instructor during the lab session. 1

Abstract Steam is a very commonly used recourse in most power generation facilities due to a multitude of reasons such as high ease of use, as well as being able to use large quantities of steam for a relatively low price due to the availability of water. Therefore, this lab was done to better understand steam and its relationships between pressure and temperature to better understand its utility. The lab consisted of boiling water to create steam, and then increasing both the temperature and pressure of the vessel containing the steam. We would occasionally measure the pressures and temperatures. We then plotted the data (Figure 3) we gathered as well as using that data to calculate some related theoretical values that describe the properties of the steam (Figure 2). After the lab was done, we noticed that there was a large difference between the steam temperature measured in the vessel and the calculated theoretical steam temperature. However, we also noticed that as the lab continued, and the heat and pressure began to increase, the error began to decrease. We concluded the main source of the error was likely caused by the fact that the water was in an enclosed vessel. This caused the temperature needed to evaporate the water to create steam to increase. But as more of the water is boiled and the temperature of the vessel increased, this began to be less of an important factor. 2

Experiment Equipment The only piece of equipment used in this lab is the WL 204 Marcet Boiler. Figure 1: WL 204 Marcet Boiler model 1 – Safety Valve 5 – Drain Valve 2 – Pressure Boiler with Insulating Jacket 6 – Heater 3 – Bourbon Tube Pressure Gauge 7 – Overflow 4 – Switch Cabinet with Display Temperature 8 – Temperature Sensor The main element of the boiler is the steam boiler (2). It's made with stainless steel while its insulating jacket is made from a mineral wool. The overflow valve (7) ensures that the vessel is filled to the correct level. It’s closed by a hand wheel. There is a manometer (3) located at the top of the lid of the boiler to provide a direct indication of the boiler pressure. The switch cabinet (4) has a yellow box with the red top, which is the master switch, and the white box beside it to the right is the heater switch. The heater switch needs the master switch to be in the on position in order to begin heating the boiler. The Drain valve (5) is used to drain the vessel. The heater (6) is an electric filament bolted to the bottom of the boiler in a way that allows it to protrude into the boiler from below. The safety valve (5) prevents excess pressure build up by discharging the extra pressure via drain pipe when it is activated. A Pt-100 temperature sensor (8) is used to measure the temperature of the boiler. 4

Procedure The boiler unit and heater were turned on via the master switch. At intervals of 0.5-1 Bar, the temperature and pressure were recorded. The temperature and pressure were recorded in Figure 2. After the pressure reached 15 Bar, the final points of data were added and the boiler and heater were powered down by switching off the master switch and it was then left to cool down naturally. Results Relative Pressure (Bar) Absolute Pressure (Bar) Measured Steam Temp (°C) Theoretical Steam Temp (°C) Specific Volume of Steam V g (m 3 /kg) Latent Heat of Vapourization h fg (kJ/kg) 0 1.028 45.7 100.4 1.651 2255.5 0.5 1.528 72.7 111.9 1.139 2224.5 1 2.028 84.8 120.7 0.874 2200.3 1.5 2.528 96.6 127.8 0.711 2180.1 2 3.028 108.6 133.8 0.601 2162.5 2.5 3.528 118.0 139.1 0.520 2146.8 3 4.028 124.0 143.9 0.459 2132.6 3.5 4.528 128.1 148.1 0.411 2119.5 4 5.028 132.9 152.0 0.373 2107.3 4.5 5.528 136.8 155.7 0.341 2095.8 5 6.028 141.8 159.0 0.314 2085.1 6 7.028 148.6 165.1 0.272 2065.1 7 8.028 154.1 170.6 0.240 2046.8 8 9.028 160.1 175.5 0.214 2029.9 9 10.028 165.0 180.0 0.194 2014.0 10 11.028 170.5 184.2 0.177 1999.1 11 12.028 175.1 188.1 0.163 1984.9 12 13.028 178.6 191.7 0.151 1971.4 13 14.028 183.1 195.1 0.140 1958.4 14 15.028 186.6 198.4 0.131 1945.9 15 16.028 190.7 201.5 0.124 1933.9 Figure 2: Recorded data values of vapor in boiler unit 5

Analysis | 45.7 − 100.4 100.4 | x 100 = 54.48% Measured Steam Temperature (°C) Theoretical Steam Temperature (°C) Percentage Error (%) 45.7 100.4 54.48 72.7 111.9 35.03 84.8 120.7 29.74 96.6 127.8 24.41 108.6 133.8 18.83 118.0 139.1 15.17 124.0 143.9 13.83 128.1 148.1 13.50 132.9 152.0 12.57 136.8 155.7 12.14 141.8 159.0 10.82 148.6 165.1 9.99 154.1 170.6 9.67 160.1 175.5 8.77 165.0 180.0 8.33 170.5 184.2 7.44 175.1 188.1 6.91 178.6 191.7 6.83 183.1 195.1 6.15 186.6 198.4 5.95 190.7 201.5 5.36 Figure 4: percent error of measured and theoretical Initially, there was a large difference between the measured steam temperature when compared to its theoretical temperature. The main source of this error is most likely a result of the fact that water requires a greater temperature and pressure in order to evaporate when it is in an enclosed space. This would mean that the smaller temperature values are a result of the fact that the water is absorbing more heat than normal in order to evaporate. But as the water begins to evaporate and turn into steam, this no longer becomes a factor and the difference between the measured and theoretical values begins decrease. 7

Conclusion The purpose of this lab was to determine the relationship between the pressure and temperature of steam. This was done by boiling water to create steam in a WL 204 Marcet Boiler and measuring the different absolute pressures and temperatures as we increased the absolute pressure. We then used our measured values to plot a vapor pressure curve as well as using that data to determine some theoretical values. When doing so, we noticed an error between the measured and theoretical temperature values. The error was concluded to be a result of the fact that there is more heat required to heat water when in an enclosed vessel. List of references [1] Marcet Boiler Experiment Instructions, GUNT, Germany, 2009 [2] Y. A. Cengel & M. A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mcgraw Hill, 2011 [3] Qi Shi & Hidayat & Cliff Chan, MECE2640U Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Lab Manual, Fall 2022 Edition [4] Y.A. Cengel and R.H. Turner, Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences, 6th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York [5] “Calculator: Saturated steam table by pressure,” TLV . [Online]. Available: https://www.tlv.com/global/TI/calculator/steam-table-pressure.html. [Accessed: 28-Sep-2022]. Nomenclature Atm : atmospheres, used to measure pressure. Bar : unit of pressure used to measure the pressure. °C : degrees Celsius, used to measure the temperature of an object. m 3 : cubic metres, used to measure the volume of an object. kg : kilograms, used to measure the weight of an object. kJ : kilojoules, used to measure energy. 8

Figure 5.2: Table A-5 from provided by [2] [4] 10

Description Excellent Very Good Good Satisfactory Needs improvement Needs significant improvement Fails Objective/ Abstract: 5% 4.5% 4% 3.5% 3% 2.5% <2.5 % Introduction and Theoretical Background: 15% 13.5% 12% 10.5% 9% 8% <7% Experimental Procedure and Method: 20% 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% <10% Results, Discussions, Conclusion: 40% 36% 32% 28% 24% 20% <20% Reference, sample calculations, Nomenclature etc.: 20% 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% <10% Overall lab Mark 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% <50 11