Study Guide Chapter 1 Julio Leiva

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Jan 9, 2024

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Julio Leiva Dr. Davis Geo-3100 Exam 1 Study Guide: Part 1 Chapter 1: Internal Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics 1. Describe the differences between natural hazards, disasters, and catastrophes. (1 pt) Natural hazards, disasters, and catastrophes are related concepts but have distinct differences. Natural hazards refer to natural events or phenomena that have the potential to cause harm or damage, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, or wildfires. Disasters, on the other hand, occur when a natural hazard impacts human society, causing significant damage, loss of life, and disruption of normal functioning. Disasters are the result of the interaction between a hazard and vulnerable communities. Catastrophes are the most severe and devastating form of disaster, characterized by widespread destruction and loss of life on a large scale. 2. Which natural hazards in the United States result in the greatest loss of life? (1 pt) In the United States, the natural hazards that result in the greatest loss of life can vary depending on the region. However, some of the most significant hazards in terms of loss of life include hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods. Coastal areas are particularly susceptible to hurricanes, which can cause storm surges and extensive damage. Tornadoes can be extremely destructive and have caused numerous fatalities. Flooding, whether caused by heavy rainfall or river overflow, can also result in loss of life, especially in low-lying areas. 3. Describe hazard mitigation. (1 pt) Hazard mitigation refers to actions taken to reduce the impact of hazards on human populations and the built environment. It involves identifying and analyzing potential hazards, implementing measures to minimize their effects, and promoting resilience and preparedness. Hazard mitigation can include various strategies such as land-use planning, engineering controls, early warning systems, public education, and community participation. The goal of

hazard mitigation is to prevent or reduce the loss of life, injuries, and damage caused by natural hazards. 4. Define the geologic cycle and describe its sub-cycles. (1 pt) The geologic cycle refers to the continuous process of geologic changes that occur on Earth's surface. It involves the interaction between various Earth processes, including the rock cycle, tectonic cycle, hydrologic cycle. The rock cycle describes the formation, transformation, and recycling of rocks through processes such as weathering, erosion, deposition, and lithification. The tectonic cycle involves the movement of Earth's lithospheric plates, leading to events like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the formation of mountains. The hydrologic cycle refers to the circulation of water on Earth, including processes such as evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. 5. What is uniformitarianism and how does it help us? (1 pt) Uniformitarianism is a principle in geology that states that the same geologic processes and natural laws that operate today have been at work throughout Earth's history. It suggests that the processes we observe today, such as erosion, deposition, and volcanic activity, have been shaping the Earth's surface for millions of years. This principle helps us understand the past by allowing us to interpret geological features and events based on present-day processes. By studying the processes and patterns of Earth's history, scientists can make predictions about future geological events and better understand the Earth's long-term behavior. 6. Define environmental unity and give an example. (1 pt) Environmental unity refers to the interconnectedness and interdependence of Earth's systems and components. It recognizes that changes or disturbances in one part of the environment can have ripple effects throughout the entire system. For example, deforestation in a particular region can lead to soil erosion, loss of habitat, disruption of ecosystems, and changes

in local climate patterns. The concept of environmental unity highlights the need for holistic and sustainable approaches to environmental management and conservation. 7. Differentiate between a forecast, a prediction, and a warning. (1 pt) A forecast, a prediction, and a warning are terms commonly used in the context of natural hazards and weather events. A forecast refers to a statement about future conditions or events based on scientific data and analysis. It provides information about the expected weather conditions, such as temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and direction. A prediction, on the other hand, involves making an educated guess or projection about a future event or outcome based on available information and analysis. It may have a certain level of uncertainty. A warning is a specific alert or notification issued by authorities to inform people about an imminent threat or hazardous event, such as a severe storm, wildfire, or tsunami. Warnings are typically issued when there is a high level of confidence in the occurrence of the event and immediate action is required to ensure safety. 8. Explain the magnitude-frequency concept. (1 pt) The magnitude-frequency concept is a concept used in the study of natural hazards, particularly in relation to events like earthquakes and floods. It refers to the relationship between the magnitude (or intensity) of a hazard event and its frequency of occurrence. In simple terms, higher magnitude events occur less frequently, while lower magnitude events occur more frequently. This concept helps us understand the probability of different levels of hazard events and can be helpful in assessing risk and planning for mitigation measures. 9. Why are population growth and land use important in understanding consequences of natural hazards? (1 pt) Population growth and land use are essential factors to consider when understanding the consequences of natural hazards. As the population grows and more land is developed, there is an increased exposure to hazards. More people and infrastructure are at risk, and the potential for

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damage and loss of life also increases. Additionally, land use decisions, such as building in flood- prone areas or on unstable slopes, can exacerbate the effects of natural hazards. Understanding population growth and land use patterns helps us assess the vulnerability of communities and develop strategies to reduce the impact of hazards. 10. How might global climate change affect the occurrence of natural hazards in the future? (1 pt) Global climate change can have significant implications for the occurrence of natural hazards in the future. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can influence the frequency and intensity of events like storms, hurricanes, droughts, and floods. Rising sea levels resulting from climate change can increase the risk of coastal flooding and erosion. Changes in climate can also affect the stability of slopes, leading to an increased risk of landslides. Overall, global climate change can alter the dynamics of natural hazards and potentially increase their occurrence and severity.