F2023-3EJ4_Lab04
pdf
keyboard_arrow_up
School
McMaster University *
*We aren’t endorsed by this school
Course
3EJ4
Subject
Electrical Engineering
Date
Jan 9, 2024
Type
Pages
10
Uploaded by ProfWillpowerNarwhal38
Page 1
McMaster University
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
EE3EJ4 Electronic Devices and Circuits II - Fall 2023
Lab. 4 Feedback Circuits
Lab Report Due on Nov. 19, 2023
Objective:
To design and characterize a negative feedback amplifier and an oscillator.
Attributes Evaluated:
These are the attributes you need to demonstrate in your solutions.
Competence in specialized engineering knowledge to simulate circuit performance using a
SPICE-based circuit simulator and conduct analog circuit debugging;
Ability to obtain substantiated conclusions as a result of a problem solution, including
recognizing the limitations of the approaches and solutions and
Ability to assess the accuracy and precision of results.
Test Equipment:
Analog Discovery 2 (AD2)
WaveForms from Digilent Link
and
WaveForms Reference Manual
Analog Discovery 2 Quick Start Series Videos
Components:
Op-Amp:
1
TLV2371
Transistors:
6
NPN-BJT 2N3904
3
PNP-BJT 2N3906
Resistors:
3
8.06 k
Ω
resistor
3
76.8 k
Ω
resistor
3
57.6 k
Ω
resistor
2
8.06 k
Ω
resistor
2
8.25 k
Ω
resistor
2
100 k
Ω
resistor
1
240 k
Ω
resistor
Capacitors:
2
1 nF (102) capacitor
Information of Components:
For a detailed description of these transistors, please check the following websites:
https://www.onsemi.com/products/discretes-drivers/general-purpose-and-low-vcesat-transistors/2n3904
or
https://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/2N3903-D.PDF
https://www.onsemi.com/products/discretes-drivers/general-purpose-and-low-vcesat-transistors/2n3906
or
https://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/2N3906-D.PDF
For the description of Op-Amp TLV2371 and its SPICE model, please check the following websites:
https://www.ti.com/product/TLV2371?dcmp=dsproject&hqs=sw&#design-development##design-
tools-simulation
Reminder:
Switch off the DC power suppliers first whenever you need to change the circuit
configurations. Turn on the DC power only when you no longer change the circuit connection.
Page 2
Part 1:
Negative Feedback Amplifier
Description of the Negative Feedback Amplifier
In this lab, we design a negative feedback amplifier using a directly coupled (DC), multi-stage
operational (Op) amplifier (Amp). We then construct a feedback amplifier by connecting the output of
the Op-Amp. In this section, we first characterize the Op-Amp and then characterize the voltage gain
and frequency response of the negative feedback amplifier using the feedback theory.
A.
SPICE Simulation – Op-Amp Characterization
1.1
In
PSpice
, construct the Op-Amp, as shown in Fig. 1, using the common-emitter (CE) amplifier
from Lab 2, the common-collector (CC) amplifier, and the differential amplifier with a current
mirror load from Lab 3. Here,
I
x
is a current test source used to characterize the output resistance
of the Op-Amp.
1.2
Voltage Gain:
Set the DC values of
V
1
and
V
2
= 0 V and their AC amplitude 1 mV. Set the DC
and AC values of the test current source
I
x
to zero. For the differential mode signal, set the phases
of the AC signal
V
1
and
V
2
to be 0
and 180
, respectively, as shown in Fig. 1. In this setting, the
differential-model signal
v
id
=
V
1
–
V
2
= 1 mV – (–1 mV) = 2 mV. Conduct AC analysis to obtain
the base current
i
b
1
of Q1, the voltages
V
o
1
,
V
o
2
, and
V
o
at the base of Q8, the base of Q9, and the
emitter of Q9, respectively. Set the AC sweep type in Logarithmic with Start Frequency = 100
Hz, End Frequency = 100 kHz, and Points/Decade = 101. Record the simulated magnitude and
phase of
i
b
1
,
V
o
1
,
V
o
2
, and
V
o
in the sheet “Step 1.2” of the Excel file “Lab 4 – Feedback
Circuit.xlsx”.
Fig. 1
Schematic diagram of the directly coupled (DC), multi-stage operational amplifier
Page 3
1.3
Frequency Response:
Set the DC and AC values of
V
1
and
V
2
= 0 V. Set the DC value of
I
x
= 0
A and AC amplitude of the test current source
I
x
to 1 mA. Since SPICE uses a passive sign
convention, i.e., positive current flows from the (+) node of the current source to its (-) node, we
set its AC phase of
I
x
to 180
for the current flowing into
V
o
, as required by the linear two-port
network theory. Conduct AC analysis to obtain
V
o
at the emitter of Q9. Set the AC sweep type in
Logarithmic with Start Frequency = 100 Hz, End Frequency = 100 kHz, and Points/Decade =
101. Record the simulated magnitude and phase of
V
o
in the sheet “Step 1.3” of the Excel file
“Lab 4 – Feedback Circuit.xlsx”.
B.
SPICE Simulation – Negative Feedback Amplifier
1.4
Construct the negative feedback amplifier in
PSpice
using the circuit diagram shown in Fig. 2,
with resistance values and supply voltages specified in the figure.
1.5
To place the sinusoidal voltage source V1, access the Modeling Application with Place -> PSpice
Part -> Modeling Application, and select Sources -> Independent Sources. In the dialogue box,
choose Sine -> Voltage -> Sine, and set the Offset value VOFF = 0 V, VAMPL = 1 mV,
Frequency = 1 kHz, Phase = 0
, DC = 0 V, and AC = 1 mV, respectively.
1.6
Voltage Gain:
Conduct Transient Response simulation for
V
o
at the emitter of Q9 with Run to
Time TSTOP = 6 mS and Maximum Step Size = 25us. Record the output voltage
V
o
versus time
in the sheet “Step 1.6” of the Excel file “Lab 4 – Feedback Circuit.xlsx”.
Fig. 2
Schematic diagram of the negative feedback amplifier
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
Page 4
1.7
Frequency Response:
Conduct an AC analysis to obtain
V
o
at the emitter of Q9. Set the AC
sweep type in Logarithmic with Start Frequency = 1 kHz, End Frequency = 10 MegHz, and
Points/Decade = 101. Record the simulated magnitude and phase of
V
o
in the sheet “Step 1.7” of
the Excel file “Lab 4 – Feedback Circuit.xlsx”.
C.
AD2 Measurement
Because operational amplifiers (Op-Amps) are directly coupled devices with significant differential
gains, they are prone to DC problems (e.g., mismatch), resulting in the DC offset voltage. Suppose the
two input terminals of an Op-Amp are tied together and connected to the ground; even though
V
id
= 0, a
finite DC voltage still exists at the output. The output will be at the positive or negative saturation level
if the Op-Amp has a high differential-mode gain. The Op-Amp output can be brought back to its ideal
value of 0 V by connecting a DC offset voltage with appropriate polarity and magnitude between the
two input terminals of the Op-Amp. In this lab, we first characterize this DC offset voltage of the
designed Op-Amp and then use it to design a feedback amplifier.
1.8
Use the port definition diagram of the AD2 shown in Fig. 3 when setting up your circuits.
1.9
Based on Fig. 1, construct the measurement setup for an operational amplifier using the common-
emitter (CE) amplifier from Lab 2 and the common-collector (CC) and differential amplifiers
from Lab 3.
1.10
Use V+ = 5V for
V
CC
and V- = -5V for
V
EE
. Connect Scope Ch. 1 Negative (1-), Scope Ch. 2
Negative (2-), GNDV+, GNDV-, GNDW1, and GNDW2 to a common ground line.
Page 5
Fig. 3
Diagram for the port definition of an Analog Discovery 2 (AD2)
1.11
DC Offset Voltage:
Based on Fig. 1, connect Waveform Generator Channel 1 (W1) to the input
V
1
(the base of
Q
1
), Waveform Generator Channel 2 (W2) and Scope Ch. 1 Positive (1+) to the
input
V
2
(the base of
Q
2
), and Scope Ch. 2 Positive (2+) to
V
o
(the emitter of
Q
9
). In WaveForms,
click Workspace, open the provided workspace script “Lab4_Step1.11.dwf3work” and press Run.
This script will set the offset voltage of Wavegen 1 (W1) to 0 V and gradually change the offset
voltage of Wavegen 2 (W2) until the output voltage of the Op-Amp switches around 0 V. Record
the measured offset voltage for V+ (or
Q
2
) in the sheet “Step 1.11” of the Excel file “Lab 4 –
Feedback Circuit.xlsx”.
1.12
Based on Fig. 2, construct the measurement setup, as shown in Fig. 4, for the feedback amplifier
using the operational amplifier and the offset voltage for Channel 2 (W2) found in Step 1.11.
Page 6
Fig. 4
Experimental setup for the negative feedback amplifier
1.13
Voltage Gain:
Connect the Waveform Generator Channel 1 (W1) and Scope Ch. 1 Positive (1+)
to the input
V
1
(the base of
Q
2
) of the amplifier. Connect Scope Ch. 2 Positive (2+) to the output
V
o
of the amplifier at the emitter of
Q
9
. In the WaveForms software, open the Wavegen, Scope,
and Supplies tools. In the Wavegen Channel 1 (W1), launch a sine wave with Frequency = 1 kHz,
Amplitude = 1 V, and Offset = the offset voltage obtained in Step 1.11, and then press Run.
(
Note:
Here, we use Amplitude = 1 V instead of 1 mV used in Steps 1.5 and 1.6 to demonstrate
that the negative amplifier can amplify signals with amplitude larger than
V
T
/2 = 12.5 mV). Next,
in the Supplies tab, enable the voltages with V+ = 5 V and V- = -5 V, respectively. In the Scope
tab, press Run to see the input (Ch.1) and output (Ch.2) signals. Set the Base (sec/div) and Range
(V/div) to be the same as these in both channels to see the signals. Next, press Single to take a
screenshot of the data. Finally, go to the upper toolbar and select Export to copy both input V
1
and output V
o
voltage signals. Uncheck the Comments, Copy to Clipboard, and Paste these data
into the sheet “Step 1.13” of the Excel file “Lab 4 – Feedback Circuit.xlsx”. Replace the
screenshot with yours, and make sure to capture your date and time to avoid mark deduction.
1.14
Frequency Response:
Based on Fig. 2, with the same wire connections as those in Step 1.11, go
to Waveforms software and from the Supplies tab, enable the voltages V+ = 5 V and V- = -5 V,
respectively. Next, open the Network Analyzer tool and press Run to see the input (Ch.1) and
output (Ch.2) magnitude and output phase versus frequency characteristics. Set the start
frequency = 100 Hz, stop frequency = 4 MHz, Scale = Logarithmic, and samples = 201/decade.
Set the Wavegen Offset = the offset voltage found in Step 1.11, Amplitude = 1 V, and set
Magnitude Units to gain(x), Top equal 3X, and Bottom equal 0 X. Also, set Channel 1 and
Channel 2 Gain to 1 X and offset to zero. Then, press Single to take a screenshot of the data.
Finally, select File, then Export to copy the input V
1
, output V
o
magnitude, and phase response
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
Page 7
versus frequency characteristics. Uncheck the Comments, Copy to Clipboard, and Paste these
data into the sheet “Step 1.14” of the Excel file “Lab 4 – Feedback Circuit.xlsx”. Replace the
screenshot with yours, and make sure to capture your date and time to avoid mark deduction.
D.
Questions for Part 1
For the non-inverting amplifier designed, answer the following questions with simulated and measured
data and discuss any discrepancy between the simulation and measurement results.
Q1.
(10 Points)
(1) Based on the simulation data obtained in Step 1.2, what is the low-frequency (i.e.,
f
= 100 Hz) voltage gain in dB for the first stage differential amplifier
A
d
1
, the second state CE amplifier
A
d
2
, and the third stage CC amplifier
A
d
3
, respectively for the differential-mode signal? (2) What is the
overall voltage gain for the differential-mode signal? (3) Which input (
V
1
or
V
2
) is the non-inverting
input of the operational amplifier? (4) What is the upper 3-dB frequency
f
H
of the amplifier?
Q2.
(5 Points)
Compare the simulated differential-mode gain
A
d
1
found in Q1 and the simulated gain
A
d
in Q5 of Lab 3. What causes these two gains to be so different from each other for the same
differential amplifier?
Q3.
(5 Points)
Based on the simulated results obtained in Steps 1.2 and 1.3, what are the input
resistance
R
in
and the output resistance
R
o
of the Op-Amp?
Q4.
(10 Points)
(1) Based on the simulated and measured results from Steps 1.6 and 1.13, plot the
simulated and measured output voltages
V
o
vs. time characteristics at 1 kHz. (2) Calculate the
simulated and measured peak-to-peak voltage
V
pp
, the AC amplitude
V
p
, and the dc voltage
V
dc
of
V
o
,
and compare the simulation and measurement results.
Q5.
(10 Points)
(1) Based on the simulated and measured results from Steps 1.7 and 1.14, plot the
simulated and measured voltage gain magnitude and phase vs. frequency characteristics. What is the
low-frequency gain of this amplifier? (2) To operate this amplifier, what is its highest operating
frequency to provide a constant gain as designed?
Q6.
(5 Points)
What kind of feedback configurations (e.g., shunt-shunt) is it for the amplifier in Fig. 2?
Q7.
(10 Points)
Find
the beta network and the feedback components
β
,
R
11
, and
R
22
, respectively.
Q8.
(15 Points)
Use the feedback theory and simulation results to find the amplifier's voltage gain,
input resistance, and output resistance, respectively.
Page 8
Part 2:
Positive Feedback Circuit – Oscillator
Description of the Positive Feedback Circuit – Oscillator
The oscillator circuit utilizing a positive feedback network consists of an Op-Amp connected in the
non-inverting configuration, with a closed-loop gain of 1+
R
2
/
R
1
. In the feedback path of this amplifier,
an
RC
network is connected. We will design a positive feedback oscillator circuit in this lab using an
Op-Amp (TLV2371). In order to ensure the oscillation start, the value of R
2
/R
1
should be slightly
greater than 2.
A.
SPICE Simulation
2.1
In Avenue to Learn, under
Lab 4 Feedback Circuits
, use the “Op-Amp TLV2371.txt” model in
the SPICE Model submodule and follow the tutorial in “Link TLV2371 PSpice Model to a
Capture Symbol.pdf” in the OrCAD PSpice submodule to create an Op-Amp TLV2371 symbol.
2.2
Construct the oscillator circuit in Fig. 5 in
PSpice
with the specified resistance, capacitor values,
and supply voltages.
2.3
Time Domain (Transient) Response:
Conduct the Time Domain (Transient) simulation with
Tun To Time = 2.5 ms and Maximum Step Size = 1 us. In addition, in the Simulation Settings
window, click Options -> Analog Simulation -> Auto Converge, and check the box beside
AutoConverge to use the auto converge function. Record the OP-AMP output voltage (
V
out
) in
the sheet “Step 2.3” of the Excel file “Lab 4 – Feedback Circuit.xlsx”. Find the settling time,
which is the time required for the peak value of
V
out
to reach and remain at around 5 V.
2.4
Settling Time:
Change the
R
2
value to 220 k
Ω
, 240 k
Ω
, and 280 k
Ω
, respectively, repeat Step
2.3 and record their settling times in the sheet “Step 2.4” of the Excel file “Lab 4 – Feedback
Circuit.xlsx”.
2.5
With
R
2
= 240 k
Ω
, change
R
3
=
R
4
from 8.25 k
Ω
to 4.02 k
Ω
, repeat Step 2.3, and record the
output voltage (
V
out
) in the sheet “Step 2.5” of the Excel file “Lab 4 – Feedback Circuit.xlsx”.
Page 9
Fig. 5
Schematic diagram of the oscillator circuit
B.
AD2 Measurement
2.6
Based on the circuit diagram shown in Fig. 5, construct the measurement setup for the oscillator
circuit, as shown in Fig. 6, using the same settings in Step 2.2 with
R
2
= 240 k
Ω
.
2.7
Use V+ = 5V for
V
DD
and V- = -5V for
V
SS
. Connect Scope Ch. 1 Negative (1-), GNDV+,
GNDV-, GNDW1, and GNDW2 to a common ground line.
2.8
Transient Response and Oscillation Frequency:
Connect the Scope Ch. 1 Positive (1+) to the
Op-Amp TLV2371 output. In WaveForms, click Workspace, open the provided workspace script
“Lab4_Step2.8.dwf3work”, and press Single in Scope 1. In Scope 1, click the ‘data’ tab, Export,
Uncheck Comments, Copy to Clipboard, and Paste the data in the sheet “Step 2.8” of the Excel
file “Lab 4 – Feedback Circuit.xlsx”. Click the ‘Measurements’ tab, select the Frequency, Period,
Amplitude, Maximum, and Minimum of Channel 1 (C1), copy (use Ctrl + C), and paste them into
the sheet “Step 2.8” of the Excel file “Lab 4 – Feedback Circuit.xlsx”. Replace the measurement
screenshot in the sheet and make sure to capture the date and time in the screenshot to avoid mark
deduction.
2.9
Based on Fig. 5, change
R
3
=
R
4
from 8.25 k
Ω
to 4.02 k
Ω
, repeat Step 2.8, and record the output
voltage (
V
out
) versus time characteristics in the sheet “Step 2.9” of the Excel file “Lab 4 –
Feedback Circuit.xlsx”. Make sure to capture the date and time in the screenshot to avoid mark
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
Page 10
deduction.
Fig. 6
Experimental setup of the oscillator
C.
Questions for Part 2
For the oscillator designed, answer the following questions with simulated and measured data and
discuss any discrepancy between the simulation and measurement results.
Q9.
(15 Points)
For the oscillator circuit in Fig. 5, find its loop gain
L
(
s
), the frequency for the zero
loop phase, and
R
2
/
R
1
for oscillation.
Q10.
(5 Points)
Based on the simulated results in Step 2.4, what are the settling times for
R
2
= 220 k
Ω
,
240 k
Ω
, and 280 k
Ω
, respectively? What do you observe? Explain the observed trend.
Q11.
(10 Points)
(1) Based on the setup in Steps 2.3, 2.5, 2.8, and 2.9, plot the simulated and measured
V
out
. (2) Calculate the simulated and measured oscillation frequencies in each case. Compare and
discuss them with the results from the theory.
Related Documents
Related Questions
1. The DC-DC converter has several circuit configurations.
a) (Draw a simple connection of IGBT switch, diode and inductor that can discriminate between Buck, Boost and Buck-Boost converter circuits respectively.)
b)
('A Boost converter produces an output voltage, Vo that is more than or equal to the input voltage, Vi. Based on this statement develop the equation for the relationship between Vo Viand D.
where D represents the duty ratio. You can use any suitable diagram to illustrate your answer.)
arrow_forward
d)
With the aid of a sketch, describe briefly the definition of the
slew rate of an amplifier. Comment on the general principle of
selecting an appropriate slew rate of an amplifier in order to
avoid causing signal distortion.
arrow_forward
R2
R,
1+
-VEE =- 15 V
V.
out
in
R,
R1
R1 = 5.6 kQ
V out
Vin
Vcc =+ 15 V
Rin
19) calculate the value of R2 required for a closed-loop voltage gain of 5V/V
arrow_forward
Design an op-amp circuit that can perform this operation: Vo = 2V1V2 – 3V3.
Marking Scheme:
1. Circuit Diagram
2. Calculation with Assumptions
arrow_forward
Sketch the circuit diagram of a balancing circuit for a differential amplifier.
arrow_forward
explain RC coupled amplifier in detail .
arrow_forward
Consider the circuit in Figure A4.
(a)
Explain its operation with the aid of diagrams.
(b)
Assume that R₁ = 21 kQ, Vref = 1.2 V, Vs = +12 V and -Vs = -12 V.
Determine a value for R₂ to obtain a maximum threshold voltage of Vth = 5.25
V.
(c)
Sketch the output voltage signal in time for a sinusoidal input signal of peak
voltage 3.5 V and frequency 2 kHz.
R1
R2
Vout
Vref
Vin
+Vs
-Vs
Figure A4
arrow_forward
EQUATION OF OUTPUT VOLTAGE( NEED ONLY HANDWRITTEN SOLUTION PLEASE OTHERWISE DOWNVOTE).
arrow_forward
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
Recommended textbooks for you
Introductory Circuit Analysis (13th Edition)
Electrical Engineering
ISBN:9780133923605
Author:Robert L. Boylestad
Publisher:PEARSON
Delmar's Standard Textbook Of Electricity
Electrical Engineering
ISBN:9781337900348
Author:Stephen L. Herman
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Programmable Logic Controllers
Electrical Engineering
ISBN:9780073373843
Author:Frank D. Petruzella
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
Electrical Engineering
ISBN:9780078028229
Author:Charles K Alexander, Matthew Sadiku
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Electric Circuits. (11th Edition)
Electrical Engineering
ISBN:9780134746968
Author:James W. Nilsson, Susan Riedel
Publisher:PEARSON
Engineering Electromagnetics
Electrical Engineering
ISBN:9780078028151
Author:Hayt, William H. (william Hart), Jr, BUCK, John A.
Publisher:Mcgraw-hill Education,
Related Questions
- 1. The DC-DC converter has several circuit configurations. a) (Draw a simple connection of IGBT switch, diode and inductor that can discriminate between Buck, Boost and Buck-Boost converter circuits respectively.) b) ('A Boost converter produces an output voltage, Vo that is more than or equal to the input voltage, Vi. Based on this statement develop the equation for the relationship between Vo Viand D. where D represents the duty ratio. You can use any suitable diagram to illustrate your answer.)arrow_forwardd) With the aid of a sketch, describe briefly the definition of the slew rate of an amplifier. Comment on the general principle of selecting an appropriate slew rate of an amplifier in order to avoid causing signal distortion.arrow_forwardR2 R, 1+ -VEE =- 15 V V. out in R, R1 R1 = 5.6 kQ V out Vin Vcc =+ 15 V Rin 19) calculate the value of R2 required for a closed-loop voltage gain of 5V/Varrow_forward
- Design an op-amp circuit that can perform this operation: Vo = 2V1V2 – 3V3. Marking Scheme: 1. Circuit Diagram 2. Calculation with Assumptionsarrow_forwardSketch the circuit diagram of a balancing circuit for a differential amplifier.arrow_forwardexplain RC coupled amplifier in detail .arrow_forward
- Consider the circuit in Figure A4. (a) Explain its operation with the aid of diagrams. (b) Assume that R₁ = 21 kQ, Vref = 1.2 V, Vs = +12 V and -Vs = -12 V. Determine a value for R₂ to obtain a maximum threshold voltage of Vth = 5.25 V. (c) Sketch the output voltage signal in time for a sinusoidal input signal of peak voltage 3.5 V and frequency 2 kHz. R1 R2 Vout Vref Vin +Vs -Vs Figure A4arrow_forwardEQUATION OF OUTPUT VOLTAGE( NEED ONLY HANDWRITTEN SOLUTION PLEASE OTHERWISE DOWNVOTE).arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Introductory Circuit Analysis (13th Edition)Electrical EngineeringISBN:9780133923605Author:Robert L. BoylestadPublisher:PEARSONDelmar's Standard Textbook Of ElectricityElectrical EngineeringISBN:9781337900348Author:Stephen L. HermanPublisher:Cengage LearningProgrammable Logic ControllersElectrical EngineeringISBN:9780073373843Author:Frank D. PetruzellaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Education
- Fundamentals of Electric CircuitsElectrical EngineeringISBN:9780078028229Author:Charles K Alexander, Matthew SadikuPublisher:McGraw-Hill EducationElectric Circuits. (11th Edition)Electrical EngineeringISBN:9780134746968Author:James W. Nilsson, Susan RiedelPublisher:PEARSONEngineering ElectromagneticsElectrical EngineeringISBN:9780078028151Author:Hayt, William H. (william Hart), Jr, BUCK, John A.Publisher:Mcgraw-hill Education,
Introductory Circuit Analysis (13th Edition)
Electrical Engineering
ISBN:9780133923605
Author:Robert L. Boylestad
Publisher:PEARSON
Delmar's Standard Textbook Of Electricity
Electrical Engineering
ISBN:9781337900348
Author:Stephen L. Herman
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Programmable Logic Controllers
Electrical Engineering
ISBN:9780073373843
Author:Frank D. Petruzella
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
Electrical Engineering
ISBN:9780078028229
Author:Charles K Alexander, Matthew Sadiku
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Electric Circuits. (11th Edition)
Electrical Engineering
ISBN:9780134746968
Author:James W. Nilsson, Susan Riedel
Publisher:PEARSON
Engineering Electromagnetics
Electrical Engineering
ISBN:9780078028151
Author:Hayt, William H. (william Hart), Jr, BUCK, John A.
Publisher:Mcgraw-hill Education,