Quiz_5-6-7-8-WS

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Qu iz #5 • Table of Contents Pa rt 1 of 1 - Question 1 of 231 Points Which of the following lists, in the correct order, a possible evolutionary path for an isolated star? • A. Main Sequence Star, Giant star, Planetary Nebula, White Dwarf • B. Main Sequence Star, Giant star, Neutron Star, White Dwarf, Nothing • C. Main Sequence Star, Giant star, Type I Supernova, Black Hole • D. Main Sequence Star, Giant star, Type II Supernova, Planetary Nebula, Neutron Star • E. Main Sequence Star, Giant star, Planetary Nebula, Black Hole Reset Selection Question 2 of 231 Points Which of the following lists, in the correct order, a possible evolutionary path for an isolated star? • A. Main Sequence Star, Giant star, Type II Supernova, Black Hole • B. Main Sequence Star, Giant star, Neutron Star, White Dwarf, Nothing • C. Main Sequence Star, Giant star, Type I Supernova, Black Hole • D. Main Sequence Star, Giant star, Type II Supernova, White Dwarf • E. Main Sequence Star, Giant star, Planetary Nebula, Black Hole Reset Selection Question 3 of 231 Points

A 0.8 solar mass red giant is observed in a binary with a 0.5 solar mass white dwarf companion. Which statement is true? • A. The red giant has likely always had a mass greater than the white dwarf companion. • B. The red giant likely had less mass than its companion when these stars first formed. • C. This binary could produce a type II supernova • D. This binary could produce a type Ia supernova • E. This binary has already produced a type II supernova. Reset Selection Question 4 of 231 Points The eventual fate of our Sun is to • A. collapse into black hole. • B. form a neutron star. • C. become a steadily cooling white dwarf. • D. explode as a type Ia supernova, leaving no remnant. Reset Selection Question 5 of 231 Points Which of the following is a later stage that every Main Sequence star experiences in its evolution, regardless of its mass? • A. Giant • B. Black hole • C. White dwarf • D. Supernova Type II

Reset Selection Question 6 of 231 Points Which of the following is true for novas? • A. They occur with all white dwarfs • B. They occur only when a white dwarf has a companion star • C. They occur when a star has a large mass • D. They occur with all neutron stars • E. They occur only when a neutron star has a companion star Reset Selection Question 7 of 231 Points If our Sun quadrupled in mass, what would it become when it died? • A. A black hole • B. A white hole • C. A white dwarf • D. A neutron star • E. A proton star Reset Selection Question 8 of 231 Points Suppose we wanted to compress Colin to the highest density possible. What kind of star should we drop him on? • A. A low mass main sequence star • B. A high mass main sequence star • C. A white dwarf

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• D. A red giant • E. A neutron star Reset Selection Question 9 of 231 Points A kilonova is produced • A. the same as a nova, by accretion onto a white dwarf. • B. by a supernova which collapses to to a black hole, resulting in a weak explosion. • C. when two white dwarfs collide. • D. when two black holes collide. • E. when two neutron stars collide. Reset Selection Question 10 of 231 Points The total main sequence lifetime of stars like the Sun is about • A. 1 million years. • B. 10 million years. • C. 10 billion years. • D. 100 billion years. Reset Selection Question 11 of 231 Points One way to trigger the collapse of a region of gas and dust where a star will form is • A. the spiraling motion of the gas and dust particles. • B. the absorption of infrared radiation from nearby stars. • C. a shockwave from a nearby supernova.

• D. the energy given off by nuclear fusion. • E. the high temperature of the gas and dust particles. Reset Selection Question 12 of 231 Points During the beginning of star formation, The force that dominates the collapse of the gas and dust is • A. electrostatic. • B. gravity. • C. magnetism. • D. friction. Reset Selection Question 13 of 231 Points Main sequence stars begin life as • A. a white dwarf,. • B. a cloud of gas and dust. • C. a very large hot planet. • D. a red giant. Reset Selection Question 14 of 231 Points How will the fusion rate of a two solar mass star compare to the fusion rate of a four solar mass star? • A. They will have the same fusion rate. • B. The more massive star will have twice the fusion rate. • C. The more massive star will have a fusion rate that is two times slower.

• D. none of the above Reset Selection Question 15 of 231 Points Star A has a mass of 5 solar masses and Star B has a mass of 10 solar masses. How will the fusion rate of Star A compare to the fusion rate of Star B? • A. Star A’s fusion rate will be less than half that of Star B. • B. Star A’s fusion rate will be half that of Star B. • C. Star A’s fusion rate will be the same as that of Star B. • D. Star A’s fusion rate will be two times faster than that of Star B. • E. Star A’s fusion rate will be more than two times faster than that of Star B. Reset Selection Question 16 of 231 Points Chili Pepper is a main sequence star that appears red when viewed from Earth, as a result which of the following is (always) true: • A. It is hotter than an O spectral type main sequence star. • B. It will appear brighter than a white dwarf. • C. It will live longer than a B spectral type main sequence star. • D. It is the same size as a red giant star of the same temperature. • E. None of the above are correct Reset Selection Question 17 of 231 Points Consider the information given below about three main sequence stars A, B, and C. Star A will be a main sequence star for 4.5 billion years. Star B has the same luminosity as the Sun. Star C has a spectral type of M5. Which of the following is a true statement about these stars? • A. Star A has the greatest mass.

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• B. Star B has the greatest mass. • C. Star C has the greatest mass. • D. Stars A, B and C all have approximately the same mass. • E. There is insufficient information to determine this. Reset Selection Question 18 of 231 Points Which of the following determines most characteristics and future events of a star’s existence? • A. surface temperature • B. size (diameter) • C. color • D. composition (type of atoms) • E. mass Reset Selection Question 19 of 231 Points In a main sequence star, gravitational collapse is balanced by • A. convection of stellar material from the core. • B. pressure caused by photons produced during nuclear fusion. • C. solid material at the stellar core. • D. pressure from coronal mass ejections from the core. • E. interior cooling of the star. Reset Selection Question 20 of 231 Points Plastic is made largely of carbon and oxygen (but with many variations and other elements too). The atoms in the plastic of your chair were formed

• A. in our Sun. • B. by a star existing prior to the formation of our Sun. • C. at the instant of the Big Bang. • D. approximately 100 million years ago. • E. in a distant galaxy in a different part of the early universe Reset Selection Question 21 of 231 Points A main sequence star with 25 times the mass of the Sun may eventually • A. produce a type II supernova only if it has a companion star • B. produce a black hole only if it has a companion star • C. produce a neutron star only if it has no companion star • D. more than one of the above statements is correct • E. none of the above statements are correct Reset Selection Question 22 of 231 Points A star with a mass twice that of the sun could be • A. a red giant star • B. a white dwarf • C. a neutron star • D. two of the above • E. all the above. Reset Selection

Question 23 of 230 Points How many of your friends have you recommended take PHY 205 'Origin of the Universe' in the spring semester? It will meet at 2:00pm-3:15pm on Tuesday/Thursday in the planetarium. • A. Zero, which are rookie numbers, and I need to pump these numbers up. • B. One. • C. Two. • D. Three or more. Like a boss. • E. You can check literally any box on this question. This question is unscored so it doesn't affect your grade, just FYI. Reset Selection

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Qu iz #6 • Table of Contents Pa rt 1 of 1 - Question 1 of 19 What is a light year? • A. An interval of time • B. A measure of length • C. An indication of speed • D. All of the above Reset Selection Question 2 of 19 Because the speed of light is constant, a light-year _________. • A. is a fixed distance • B. is a fixed amount of time • C. is a distance that varies depending on how fast the light is going • D. is an amount of time that varies depending on how fast the light is going Reset Selection Question 3 of 19 You are skimming a magazine article and see an article about 'Krootabulon.' You aren't reading too closely and you've never heard of Krootabulon before, but halfway through the article a sentence catches your eye which reads 'Krootabulon is 170 million lightyears away.' You can pretty confidently conclude that • A. Krootabulon is an object in our solar system. • B. Krootabulon is outside the solar system but relatively nearby.

• C. Krootabulon is far outside the solar system but still within the Milky Way. • D. Krootabulon is far outside the Milky Way but still somewhere within the Local Group • E. Krootabulon is very far outside the Local Group. Reset Selection Question 4 of 19 You are observing a star that is 250 million light years away. From the starlight you are observing now, the appears to be 30 million years old and you determine that the star has a lifetime of 120 million years. How long will it be until Earth receives light from the supernova that occurs at the end of the life of the star? • A. 250 million years • B. 120 million years • C. 90 million years • D. 160 million years Reset Selection Question 5 of 19 Typical distances between stars in the Milky Way are • A. a few light seconds • B. a few light minutes • C. a few light hours • D. a few light-years Reset Selection Question 6 of 19 Why are the spiral arms of spiral galaxies typically blue in color? • A. They are usually moving toward us and are Doppler shifted to blue wavelengths.

• B. The gas and dust in the arms filter out all but the blue light from stars in the arms. • C. Stars are forming in the spiral arms so there are many more high mass, hot, blue stars. • D. Almost all the stars of the disk are in the arms of the galaxy and their light makes it appear blue. Reset Selection Question 7 of 19 In which one of the galaxies would you expect to see mostly red stars? • A. A spiral galaxy • B. An elliptical galaxy • C. Neither a spiral nor an elliptical galaxy • D. Both spiral and elliptical galaxies Reset Selection Question 8 of 19 A galaxy that appears to have very few bright, blue stars, likely: • A. never had blue stars in the galaxy • B. had blue stars that are not present anymore but were at one time long ago • C. has been around long enough for the blue stars to have evolved into red main sequence stars • D. never contained enough gas to have blue stars develop • E. has blue stars that are being blocked by dust Reset Selection Question 9 of 19 The space between the spiral arms of the Milky Way contains

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• A. density waves. • B. little dust and few stars. • C. about the same number of stars as in the arms. • D. only reflection and emission nebulae. Reset Selection Question 10 of 19 Why do elliptical galaxies not produce new, young stars? • A. They are not massive enough. • B. They do not have enough gas and dust. • C. They do not experience enough internal pressure. • D. Elliptical galaxies actually do produce new, young stars. Reset Selection Question 11 of 19 Which of the following do spiral galaxies contain? • A. O-type main sequence stars • B. M-type main sequence stars • C. A-type main sequence stars • D. Gas and dust • E. All of the above Reset Selection Question 12 of 19 When you view a spiral galaxy, why do you not see much red light?

• A. Red stars are blocked by gas and dust. • B. All of the red stars have died out in spiral galaxies. • C. Blue stars in spiral galaxies are much brighter than red stars. • D. Spiral galaxies do not produce many red stars. Reset Selection Question 13 of 19 When the Milky Way eventually collides with Andromeda, which type(s) of galaxy most likely results from the collision? • A. spiral • B. elliptical • C. either an elliptical or a spiral galaxy could form • D. There is no way to tell. Reset Selection Question 14 of 19 Where are elliptical galaxies more common? • A. toward the centers of galaxy clusters • B. toward the outer edges of galaxy clusters • C. outside clusters of galaxies • D. they are equally prevalent everywhere Reset Selection Question 15 of 19 If we wait a very long time, our universe will have • A. more spiral galaxies and more elliptical galaxies

• B. more spiral galaxies and fewer elliptical galaxies • C. fewer spiral galaxies and fewer elliptical galaxies • D. fewer spiral galaxies and more elliptical galaxies Reset Selection Question 16 of 19 The total number of galaxies in the universe is _________ while galaxies are becoming ________ . • A. increasing, more massive • B. increasing, less massive • C. decreasing, more massive • D. decreasing, less massive Reset Selection Question 17 of 19 A 'million million' is most nearly Maximum number of characters (including HTML tags added by text editor): 32,000 Show Rich-Text Editor (and character count) Question 18 of 19 Roughly how many planets should we expect to exist in the observable universe? There are approximately 100 billion galaxies, each with 100 billion stars. • A. 10^11

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• B. 10^18 • C. 10^19 • D. 10^23 • E. 10^27 Reset Selection Question 19 of 19 In class we looked at the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, an image taken by focusing the Hubble Space Telescope on an empty patch of sky for almost 12 days in order to resolve very faint very distant galaxies. The image shows 10,000 galaxies in an area of the sky 1% the size of the moon. Assuming the HUDF is representative of the entire universe, and knowing that the moon covers one one-millionth of the entire sky, approximately how many galaxies are exist in the observable universe? • A. 10^6 • B. 10^8 • C. 10^12 • D. 10^24 • E. 10^96 Reset Selection

Qu iz #7 • Table of Contents Pa rt 1 of 1 - Question 1 of 16 Which of the following is not a consequence of special relativity? • A. Time passes slower in moving reference frames • B. Moving objects appear to be contracted in the direction of motion • C. Moving objects appear to be contracted perpendicular to the direction of motion • D. Events that are simultaneous in one frame will not be simultaneous in a relatively moving frame • E. Moving objects appears to have a greater effective mass than when they are at rest Reset Selection Question 2 of 16 Bonnie and Clyde are hiding out at their space station, just floating. Bonnie turns on her flashlight, sending some photons away from the space station. Clyde gets in his Ford V-8, his preferred vehicle for escaping the police due to its powerful engine, and chases after the photons. Bonnie sees Clyde moving away from the space station at 0.99 c (99% of the speed of light). How fast are the photons moving according to Clyde? • A. 0.01 c • B. 0.99 c • C. 1.00 c • D. 1.99 c • E. 7.09 c Reset Selection Question 3 of 16

A rocket passes a space station in deep space, far from any planets or stars, traveling at 0.9 c (ie 90% of the speed of light) as measured by the Space Traffic Control Officer in the space station. The rocket fires a laser beam in the direction of its motion. According to the STC Officer, this laser beam is traveling • A. 0.1 c • B. 0.9 c • C. 1.0 c • D. 1.1 c • E. 1.9 c Reset Selection Question 4 of 16 According to the Laser Operator onboard the rocket ship in the previous question, how fast is the laser beam? • A. 0.1 c • B. 0.9 c • C. 1.0 c • D. 1.1 c • E. 1.9 c Reset Selection Question 5 of 16 A second rocket ship now flies past the space station, traveling at 87% the speed of light. If an engineer on board the rocket observes that his rocket is 100 meters long, how long does the rocket appear to the STC Officer on the station? • A. 50 meters • B. 87 meters

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• C. 100 meters • D. 187 meters • E. 200 meters Reset Selection Question 6 of 16 A red and a blue rocket pass each other in deep space with a constant relative velocity. The passenger on the red rocket observes that time appears to pass in ‘slow motion’ on the blue rocket. Specifically, the red passenger observes that 0.5 seconds pass on the blue rocket for every 1 second that passes on the red rocket. The passenger on the blue rocket observes • A. that 2 seconds passes on the red rocket for every 1 second that pass on the blue rocket • B. that 0.5 seconds pass on the red rocket for every 1 second that pass on the blue rocket • C. that 1 second passes on the red rocket for every 1 second that passes on the blue rocket • D. [The question lies, time passes at the same rate for everyone no matter the color of their rocket] Reset Selection Question 7 of 16 Two navigation beacons mark the approach lane to a space station. The beacons are 1 lightsecond apart and are at fixed positions relative to each other and the station. Bonnie and Clyde make their way toward the station (in their Ford V-8) traveling at 0.99 c in the star's reference frame. The passage of the ship between the beacons is timed by a computer onboard the beacons. The time interval of the passage is closest to: • A. 0.14 seconds • B. 0.99 seconds • C. 1 second • D. 1.01 second

• E. 7.09 seconds Reset Selection Question 8 of 16 The passage of the ship between the beacons is timed by a computer onboard the computer. The time interval of the passage is closest to: • A. 0.14 seconds • B. 0.99 seconds • C. 1 second • D. 1.01 second • E. 7.09 seconds Reset Selection Question 9 of 16 Bonnie and Clyde are trapped in a box with no windows. Clyde tells Bonnie they are on earth. Bonnie disagrees, and suggests they could also be on a rocket in space which is accelerating with the same acceleration as earth surface gravity, making these cases indistinguishable. Clyde finds this unlikely, but has no choice but to agree with Bonnie because Clyde knows the • A. Copernican Principle • B. Cosmological Principle • C. Galilean Principle • D. Einstein Equivalence Principle • E. [None of the above.] Reset Selection Question 10 of 16 To coordinate a heist with Clyde, Bonnie builds a very tall tower with a very bright LED at the top. When Bonnie turns it on a flash of light with a wavelength of 400 nm is emitted which can be viewed many miles away, which is the signal for Clyde to bring the car around. The light that Clyde observes

• A. Has a shorter wavelength than 400 nm • B. Has a longer wavelength than 400 nm • C. Is traveling faster than when it was emitted at the top of the tower • D. Is traveling slower than when it was emitted at the top of the tower • E. Has a wavelength of exactly 400 nm, but a lower frequency than when it was emitted Reset Selection Question 11 of 16 Two ants stand on a large smooth (but not flat!) surface. The ants, named Bonnie and Clyde, decide to conduct an experiment to attempt to determine if the surface they are standing on is infinite. • A. Choose a direction, and walk in that direction along parallel lines • B. Walk in perpendicular directions • C. Have Bonnie remain still, while Clyde walks in one direction • D. Walk at a 45 degree angle to each other. • E. [None of the above] Reset Selection Question 12 of 16 Another pair of ants, also named Bonnie and Clyde, decide to conduct an experiment to determine the curvature of the surface they are on. Clyde stays with the car, an ant sized Ford V- 8, while Bonnie goes for a walk, heading out straight in one direction. After a long time walking forward, Bonnie ends up back at Clyde despite never having turned around. The curvature of this surface is most likely • A. zero • B. positive • C. negative

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• D. infinite Reset Selection Question 13 of 16 Which of the following is not evidence for general relativity? • A. The precession of Mercury’s orbit • B. Redshift of spectral lines from compact stars • C. The clock synchronization problem for GPS satellites • D. Deflection of starlight during solar eclipses • E. [All of the above are evidence for general relativity] Reset Selection Question 14 of 16 An astronaut orbiting the earth in the space station floats. Newton would describe that the orbiting astronaut is in a _________ frame relative to an observer standing still on the surface of the earth, and Einstein would describe the astronaut's frame as __________ . • A. Inertial ; Inertial • B. Inertial ; Non-inertial • C. Non-inertial ; Inertial • D. Non-inertial ; Non-inertial Reset Selection Question 15 of 16 The Harvard Tower Experiment was an experiment to measure the gravitational redshift of light due to the earth's gravity. This was a very difficult measurement to make because the change in wavelength was very very small. Where in the universe would it be easiest to make a measurement of gravitational redshift (assuming it were possible to build an apparatus there) • A. In deep space, far from any massive objects

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• B. On the moon, where there is no atmosphere • C. On the sun, where there is a lot of red light • D. On Mt Everest, which is at very high altitudes • E. On a neutron star, which has very strong surface gravity Reset Selection Question 16 of 16 General relativity is best summarized by which of the following: • A. matter creates space-time curvature, and curved space-time changes the path that matter follows, which is what we call gravity. • B. stars shine because of nuclear fusion • C. this is the wrong answer • D. the answer is a, do not select this answer. Reset Selection

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Qu iz #8 • Table of Contents Pa rt 1 of 1 - Question 1 of 201 Points All matter and energy that falls into a black hole accumulates at the • A. Event Horizon • B. Singularity • C. Schwarzschild Radius • D. Einstein Limit Reset Selection Question 2 of 201 Points If matter or energy crosses the ________ it is impossible to retrieve it, as it must fall further into the black hole. • A. Event Horizon • B. Singularity • C. Schwarzschild Radius • D. Einstein Limit Reset Selection Question 3 of 201 Points A massive star explodes in a supernova, leaving behind a 5 solar mass black hole where its core collapsed. The radius of this black hole is most nearly • A. 0 • B. 3 km

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• C. 15 km • D. 3 lightyears • E. 15 lightyears Reset Selection Question 4 of 201 Points Astronomers can most easily find black holes in binaries with other stars from • A. gravitational lensing • B. the orbits of stars around the black hole • C. time dilation • D. length contraction • E. electromagnetic waves emitted outside the black hole Reset Selection Question 5 of 201 Points Astronomers detected stellar massed black holes in our galaxy which have no companions from • A. gravitational lensing • B. the orbits of stars around the black hole • C. time dilation • D. length contraction • E. electromagnetic waves emitted outside the black hole Reset Selection Question 6 of 201 Points Bonnie and Clyde are floating through space in separate Ford V-8s. Bonnie notices that Clyde's car has been turning dimmer and redder, and his speech that she hears over the radio appears to be slowing down. Clyde, slowing to a halt, finally disappears from Bonnie's view entirely.

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• A. Bonnie is approaching a black hole, but has not yet fallen in. • B. Bonnie has fallen into a black hole. • C. Bonnie has fallen into a black hole, and Clyde has fallen in a few moments after • D. Clyde is approaching a black hole, but has not yet fallen in. • E. Clyde has fallen into a black hole. Reset Selection Question 7 of 201 Points Which of the following is true? • A. a black hole can just ‘open up’ and kill you. • B. black holes don't exist and cannot be imaged • C. if the sun were replaced by a black hole of identical mass the planets orbits would be unaffected • D. the galaxy orbits a black hole like the planets orbit the sun. • E. black holes are like cosmic vacuum cleaners which suck up everyone and everything. Reset Selection Question 8 of 201 Points Bonnie and Clyde encounter a black hole while exploring the galaxy. Bonnie decides she wants to fly down and get a closer look. Clyde thinks this is a bad idea. Bonnie thinks Clyde is a scaredy-cat and flies down to get a closer look at all the funny distortions of light happening near the black hole before coming back up to see Clyde. According to Bonnie, she was only gone for an hour. According to Clyde • A. Bonnie was gone less than an hour • B. Bonnie was gone for one hour • C. Bonnie was gone for longer than one hour

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• D. None of the above. Reset Selection Question 9 of 201 Points Virtually all galaxies seem to have black holes in their centers, these black holes have masses • A. significantly less than that of the earth • B. similar to or slightly greater than a solar mass • C. of about 100 solar masses • D. of about 1,000 solar masses • E. of 100,000 solar masses or greater Reset Selection Question 10 of 201 Points The mechanism that makes electromagnetic radiation in a quasars are most similar to • A. X-ray binaries • B. nova • C. kilonova • D. supernova Reset Selection Question 11 of 201 Points The distribution of globular clusters in the night sky tell us • A. that the universe is expanding • B. that the universe is contracting • C. that the sun is at the center of our galaxy • D. that the sun is not at the center of our galaxy

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• E. that our galaxy is one of many Reset Selection Question 12 of 201 Points Parallax measurements are useful to astronomers because • A. they tell us how fast stars are moving, allowing us to determine their orbit in the galaxy • B. they tell us how distant stars are, allowing us to determine their intrinsic luminosity • C. they tell us how how stars are, allowing us to determine how fast their cores are burning • D. they tell us how what elements are present, allowing us to determine what elements are produced in what astrophysical environments • E. they tell us how old stars are, allowing us to determine when they formed Reset Selection Question 13 of 201 Points Which of the following is not a criteria of a good standard candle? • A. it is commonly occurring in our universe • B. it is bright • C. it is very faint • D. it is very regular, having the same intrinsic luminosity everywhere Reset Selection Question 14 of 201 Points Vesto Silpher determined that spiral galaxies were rotating. Which of the following observations was his evidence for this? • A. Spectral lines appeared very narrow, or slim.

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• B. Spectral lines appeared very faint. • C. Spectral lines appeared very broad, or wide. • D. Spectral lines appeared very bright. • E. Spectral lines appeared redshifted. Reset Selection Question 15 of 201 Points Vesto Silpher determined that spiral galaxies were receding. Which of the following observations was his evidence for this? • A. Spectral lines appeared very narrow, or slim. • B. Spectral lines appeared very faint. • C. Spectral lines appeared very broad, or wide. • D. Spectral lines appeared very bright. • E. Spectral lines appeared redshifted. Reset Selection Question 16 of 201 Points Almost all galaxies in the night sky are redshifted when viewed from earth. This suggests • A. the earth is in the center of the universe • B. the universe is expanding • C. the universe is contracting and gravity is pulling everything together • D. the earth's atmosphere distorts observations of red light • E. nothing interesting. Distant objects are just as bright as nearby objects, they're just farther away so they appear dimmer. Reset Selection Question 17 of 201 Points

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Bonnie Galaxy and Clyde Galaxy are very distant, far outside the Local Group where our Milky Way is found. Bonnie Galaxy is five times as far from earth as Clyde Galaxy. • A. Bonnie Galaxy is receding 5x as fast as Clyde Galaxy • B. Bonnie Galaxy is receding 70x as fast as Clyde Galaxy • C. Bonnie Galaxy is receding 350x as fast as Clyde Galaxy • D. Bonnie Galaxy and Clyde Galaxy are receding at the exact same speeds • E. Bonnie Galaxy and Clyde Galaxy are not receding. Reset Selection Question 18 of 201 Points The Whirlpool Galaxy, M51, consists of a large spiral galaxy interacting with a smaller galaxy. Although it is about 23 million light years away (equal to approximately 7 megaparsecs) it is easily viewed from earth by amateur astronomers, and is popular for viewing and photographing because it is so pretty. Here is a picture of it: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlpool_Galaxy#/media/File:Messier51_sRGB.jpg Aint it pretty? • A. M51 is approaching the earth at a speed of 23 km/s • B. M51 is receding from the earth at a speed of 23 km/s • C. M51 is receding from the earth at a speed of 70 km/s • D. M51 is approaching the earth at a speed of 490 km/s • E. M51 is receding from the earth at a speed of 490 km/s Reset Selection Question 19 of 201 Points The apparent redshifting of distant galaxies is • A. Homogeneous and isotropic • B. Homogeneous but not isotropic

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• C. Isotropic but not homogeneous • D. Neither isotropic nor homogeneous • E. Homogeneous, but only isotropic in certain locations. Reset Selection Question 20 of 201 Points We’ve seen from general relativity that spacetime itself is dynamic, and that matter and energy curves and stretches space. Now, it seems that even ‘empty’ space has some kind of energy in it that’s stretching it. This ‘energy of empty space’ which drives the expansion of the universe in Einstein’s equations is called • A. dark energy • B. fusion is why stars shine. • C. astronomers put telescopes in space to observe light that does not penetrate earth's atmosphere • D. matter and energy curve spacetime • E. the answer is A. select A for this question. literally a free point. Reset Selection

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