A2801 Week 7-8 worksheet - 2021 -v07
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Astronomy 2801A Observing the Stars — P. Wiegert — 3 October 2023 Observing Proposal Based on http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~lah/ay31/sample.noao_proposal.pdf [You may use this file as a template for your proposal. Delete any text in italics, those are there as instructions for you. It is suggested to start with the Proposed Observing Run Details section first. This proposal counts for 20% of the Research Project marks.] Proposal title: _______________________________ Principal Investigator (PI):_________________________ Proposals should be produced in Times New Roman font with a minimum font size of 12 points. Page margins cannot be less than 3/4 inch on all sides. Abstract (Max one half page)
: [Your abstract is the review panel's window into your proposal: the abstract provides an initial impression about your proposal and it is also what panel members refer to at the review meeting to remind themselves about the content of your proposal. Take advantage of the opportunity to give the panel members an understandable and concise summary of what you want to do, and why. Write your abstract so that non-specialists can quickly understand why the observations you want to make are important.]
Week 7-8 worksheets 2
Astronomy 2801A Observing the Stars — P. Wiegert — 3 October 2023 Scientific Justification (
Be sure to include overall significance to astronomy. Max one page including figures, captions and references). [The scientific justification should explain the overall scientific goals of your program. Writing a good scientific justification is an art. It takes skill and practice. And it requires a good scientific idea. For the research you may ultimately undertake on your own, the good idea is something you must supply. Here the basic research goal will be to take images of your target with the B, G and R filters. You will measure the HR diagram of your target using the B and G filters, and then use the R filter to make a true colour image. The making of the HR diagram is scientifically the most important and should be the focus of this proposal. You as the PI need to supply reasons here why HR diagrams are interesting scientifically, and what they can tell us about your target. Here are a few general guidelines about proposal writing might still be helpful: use these to justify your proposed research (feel free to discuss ideas with your classmates, TAs and the professor). Explain clearly why the project is important and how it relates to the broad context and important issues in the field. Many proposals focus too tightly on a specific observational goal (e.g. "measure the colours and magnitudes of this cluster of stars") without explaining why it is important or how it relates to a significant question about the Universe. The class notes and text should help with this, but you may do some internet research on the topic of your target to get some material for this. Be specific. Make sure the review panel understands exactly why the observations are important. In our case, the observations will not add anything new that hasn't already been done, but we will pretend that they will for the purposes of this project. Consider the value of your observations: if you were the first one to make the observations of your target, what would you learn? Include a figure to help explain what you want to do. Sample data or model predictions (for example, a sample HR diagram with regions of interest highlighted) shown in a figure often help clarify complex arguments for the panel members. Keep it short. Never exceed the allotted space for the text of the scientific justification, and never reduce the font size. It may even help to be a little under a page, and increase the font size a little! Organize your presentation with paragraphs, headings, and bullets so it is easy to read. Include and check references as appropriate. For a professional proposal, you would have references to research articles but here only a reference or two to reputable websites (e.g. wikipedia, NASA) are expected. Proofread it. Make sure the proposal is correct scientifically, technically, and grammatically. Finally, when an opportunity arises, volunteer to serve on a Time Allocation Committee (TAC) or review panel. The experience is a great help in learning how to write a good scientific justification for all types of proposals.] References (example below) Bell, D., Biemesderfer, C. D., Barnes, J., & Massey, P. 1996, in Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems V, A.S.P. Conf. Ser., Vol. 101, eds. G. H. Jacoby & J. Barnes (San Francisco: ASP), 451
Week 7-8 worksheets 3
Astronomy 2801A Observing the Stars — P. Wiegert — 3 October 2023 .
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Astronomy 2801A Observing the Stars — P. Wiegert — 3 October 2023 Experimental Design (
Describe your overall observational program. How will these observations contribute toward the accomplishment of the goals outlined in the science justification? (max one page) [The review panel looks to this section to find out about the overall strategy of your observational program. Why do you need the telescopes and instruments you request? What measurements will you make from the data? This section is largely a description in words of the calculations that you will have to do below in the "Proposed Observing Run Details", so it is recommended to work those out first.]
Week 7-8 worksheets 5
Astronomy 2801A Observing the Stars — P. Wiegert — 3 October 2023 Proposed Observing Run Details: Technical Description (
Describe the observations to be made during this observing run. Justify the specific telescope, the amount of time, the instrument, and the lunar phase. List objects, coordinates, and magnitudes in the Target Tables section below. Get values that you need from itelescope.net or other sources, being sure to include a reference.)
Calculations should be worked out in full (show your work) and can be either typed in, written by hand and scanned into the document, or written by hand and attached. Extras blank pages are included for this purpose. In all cases make sure the Time Allocation Committee can easily find the relevant calculation by writing them clearly with section numbers, and giving references to the relevant section in your text. Target name and designation(s):____________________________ RA: ____________________ Dec:____________________ Apparent magnitude:________________ Angular size:_______________ Target altitude: [Note: before you do this section, you should ensure that you have the correct information about the itelescope.net sites when you are completing this with Stellarium. We examined altitudes during an early lab, but if the telescope location info is incorrect, you will have serious problems. In particular, be sure that the Location description in Stellarium (at the top of the left bar) has the correct time zone! Stellarium usually gets the time zone information right if you have 'Enable Daylight Saving Time' checked in the Location window. But getting the time right is very important, and its particularly confusing because we are approaching the "fall back" switch from Daylight Savings Time to Standard time in some locations. For the four telescope sites below, use Stellarium to determine the highest altitude (to within one degree) that your target reaches on the night of November 13. We will use Nov 13 as the proposed night of observation for the calculations below. If you end up observing a few days earlier/later because of weather etc., most of the details will not change much, the only one that may require double-checking is the position of the Moon. From Sierra Remote California (T-24) ____________________ From Utah Desert (T-11 or 21)___________________ From Spain (T-18)________________________ From Siding Spring Australia (T-30 or 31)_____________________ Which of these does it reach its highest altitude during the proposed night? __________________ What time does it reach highest altitude? __________________ What time are sunrise ________________ and sunset ___________________ at this telescope? [To within a few minutes. You can estimate with Stellarium but just letting time pass and watching the sun rise or set from the appropriate location or find an app to calculate it online] Is the time of highest altitude within one hour of sunset or sunrise? YES/NO If yes, then the sky will be too bright when the target is at its highest altitude. Does the target reach an altitude of at least 45 degrees during the interval between one hour after sunset to one hour before sunrise? YES/NO
Week 7-8 worksheets 6
Astronomy 2801A Observing the Stars — P. Wiegert — 3 October 2023 If yes, then proceed to take the observation at a lower altitude, as high as possible but so that it is not within an hour of sunrise or sunset. If no, the site may be unsuitable. Repeat the calculation above with the telescope with the telescope with the next highest maximum altitude during the night until you find one that is suitable. Field of view: Compare size of field of view of the telescope to the angular size of target. Field of view:_____________ Angular size of target____________________ Will the target fit in the telescope field of view? YES/NO
If the answer is no, repeat for the telescope with the next highest altitude, until you find a telescope whose field of view is large enough for your target [If you don't find a suitable telescope, let the professor know] Proximity to Moon: Use Stellarium to determine if the Moon is up when the target is at its highest altitude on Nov 13? _____ If yes, complete the section below What is the fraction of Moon illuminated?______________ Using the angular measurement tool of Stellarium, how far is the Moon from your target? _________________Is it more than 45 degrees? If the answer is yes, then the Moon is far enough away from the target to take your observations on Nov 13: that is your Proposed Observation Date. If no, go to Nov 12 or 14. Find the time when the target is at its highest altitude, and compare the angular distance between the target and Moon. If it is less than 45 degrees, go to Nov 11 or 15 and so forth until the condition is reached. Proposed Observation Date:__________________
Proposed telescope to use:__________________
Altitude of target at time of proposed observation: __________________
Local time at time of proposed observation: __________________
Target magnitude: What is the apparent magnitude of your target (from Stellarium)? _______________ From the apparent magnitude, what is the nominal flux? _______________ [‘Nominal’ here refers to the flux ‘at the top of the atmosphere’, that is, without accounting for any losses due to airmass or telescope or detector inefficiency. The flux is related to apparent magnitude through g1865=−2.5g1864g1867g1859g1832+g1829
(see class notes)? For this part, you can adopt the value C = -18.91 ] What is the apparent magnitude after atmospheric extinction (according to Stellarium) at the proposed time of observation on the proposed observing night? _______________ What is the airmass ? _______________
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Astronomy 2801A Observing the Stars — P. Wiegert — 3 October 2023 What is the atmospheric efficiency (
Φ
a
in the class notes
)
? _________________________ What is the quantum efficiency of the proposed detector (
Φ
QE in the class notes)?________________ What is the efficiency of the proposed telescope (
Φ
T in the class notes)?_________________________ [Note: itelescope.net may not list this for your chosen scope. If that is the case, you may assume 95%] What is the resulting flux actually expected to be detected from your target? _____________________ So what fraction of the incoming light actually gets detected? ___________% [The calculations above are for a cluster of stars: what we really want to measure the properties of each individual star. So we need to consider how to take our observations so our individual stars will have a good enough signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Recall that any measurement with uncertainties X
X
has a SNR of /
X X
, so SNR is really a measure of the uncertainty. For our case, the uncertainty is due mainly (and perhaps surprisingly) to the random arrival times of photons from the star, as we worked out in the class notes. Here we will assume we need a SNR of 50, that is, that the uncertainty in our measurement should be only 2% of the value.] For our purposes, assume that the target is made up of individual stars with nominal apparent magnitudes of 18. What is the nominal flux from an individual star?____________________ What is the expected actual flux detected from an individual star?________________ What is the expected actual flux detected in each filter?______________ Space for calculations:
Week 7-8 worksheets 8
Astronomy 2801A Observing the Stars — P. Wiegert — 3 October 2023
Week 7-8 worksheets 9
Astronomy 2801A Observing the Stars — P. Wiegert — 3 October 2023 Signal-to-noise: How many photons have to be detected to get a signal-to-noise ratio of 50? _____________________ For the purposes of the questions below, assume that one-third of the flux (energy per second) of the star passes through each colour filter, and that the photon wavelengths are B 445 nm, G 551 nm R 658 nm What is the area of the aperture of your proposed telescope (m
2
)?__________________ Calculate how many photons should be detected in one second in each of the three filters (assuming each photon has the wavelength as the filter's central wavelength)? [Note: even though 1/3 of the energy goes through each filter, that doesn't mean each filter receives the same number of photons!] B:_______________ G____________________ R___________________ How long would the exposure time have to be for each of the filters in order to get a signal to noise ratio of 50? B:_______________ G____________________ R___________________ Note: to allow itelescope.net to do some automated calibrations for us, use only exposure times that are 60 seconds, but we will take multiple exposures (if needed) and combine them later. How many 60 second exposures do you need to get a total exposure time that meets the requirements above [it may only be one in some cases]
? Proposed number of exposures: B:_______________ G____________________ R___________________ Proposed total exposure times: B:_______________ G____________________ R___________________ Normally your total exposures should be less than 300 sec in each filter: if you find that require longer exposures, check with the professor. Space for calculations:
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Week 7-8 worksheets 10
Astronomy 2801A Observing the Stars — P. Wiegert — 3 October 2023
Week 7-8 worksheets 11
Astronomy 2801A Observing the Stars — P. Wiegert — 3 October 2023 Saturation:
If the brightest star in the cluster is magnitude 15, will this star saturate and so risk blooming? To determine this, let's assume the star's image will be spread over 10 pixels. Use the same assumptions as above, and do the calculation for the filter which receives the largest number of photons per second. Which filter receives the most number of photons per second?_________ What is the full well depth of each pixel for your telescope's detector according to itelescope? This should be given in electrons [This may be only given approximately]
___________________ The full well value represents the maximum number of electrons which can be held in the pixel before they spill out. Each photon that is detected
will generate one electron in the pixel. What is the maximum number of photons from your star that can be stored in a 10 pixel area before being saturated? ____________________ What is the expected actual flux detected from a mag 15 star? ____________________ How many photons will your telescope receive in the exposure time you've selected above in the filter in question for a mag 15 star? ____________________ Will a 15
th
magnitude star be saturated in the image you propose to take? _________________ The telescopes of the itelescope network are often fitted with anti-blooming gates (ABG) which should be indicated where it shows the full well depth. If the detector has ABG, then blooming is usually avoided: electrons may spill out but they won't contaminate nearby pixels. Still the measurement of the bright star is degraded by the lost electrons. Do you expect this to be a possible issue with your cluster? [We will not adjust the exposure time here even if saturation is expected, but you should discuss the possibility that your brightest stars are saturated when you write up your research results]. Space for calculations
Week 7-8 worksheets 12
Astronomy 2801A Observing the Stars — P. Wiegert — 3 October 2023
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Astronomy 2801A Observing the Stars — P. Wiegert — 3 October 2023 Final details of proposed observations: Telescope: Number: T- Geographic location: Aperture (diameter, meters): Area (square meters): Location: Lon/Lat: Focal length: F/ratio: Guiding: Instrument: Name: Quantum efficiency: Full well: What bitdepth does this correspond to (approx)? Dark current: Array size (pixels) Field of view (arcmin) Filters available: Average or central wavelength of each filter (approx. If not given for the detector, use values given earlier in the proposal): Final result: number of exposures requested and details: Start time Alt Az Airmass Filter Exp. time (sec) No. Exp. Comment Approved by TAC: Y / N Note: the PI is responsible for the completeness and accuracy of the proposal. If the TAC judges it to be incomplete or otherwise incorrect, it will have to resubmitted, which will delay the research and leave less time for the analysis. The PI will not be allocated time on any telescopes until the TAC approves the proposal.
Week 7-8 worksheets 14
Astronomy 2801A Observing the Stars — P. Wiegert — 3 October 2023 Additional space for calculations:
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