ENw2Labassignment Markup

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Grantham University *

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EN105

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Electrical Engineering

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Jan 9, 2024

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Kaila Gough G00215407 Lab W2 Grantham University 9/27/2023

Introduction: What are the goals to achieve in the lab? In this lab on DC circuits, our primary goal is to gain a practical understanding of direct current (DC) circuits and their behavior. We aim to explore the fundamental principles of DC circuit analysis, including voltage, current, resistance, and basic circuit laws such as Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws. Through hands-on experiments, we strive to reinforce theoretical concepts, develop problem-solving skills, and enhance our ability to design and analyze DC circuits. ▪ What are the expectations of the lab? The expectations of this lab are for participants to apply their knowledge of DC circuits to design, build, and analyze circuit configurations. We anticipate accurate measurement and analysis of voltage, current, and resistance values within the circuits. Attention to detail, precision in measurements, and adherence to safety protocols are essential throughout the lab. Additionally, we encourage active engagement, critical thinking, and effective communication to discuss observations, analyze results, and draw meaningful conclusions. • How will you be implementing this lab? To implement this lab, we will use circuit components such as resistors, batteries, resistors, and measuring instruments like multimeters and a wattmeter. We will construct different circuit configurations, following circuit instructions given in the lab text within week 2 content. By connecting the components and applying voltage, we will observe and measure the behavior of the circuits. Data collection, analysis, and documentation will be performed to evaluate the performance and characteristics of the circuits. The data that is then collected will be displayed in organized charts labeled accordingly. • What will you try to measure? In this lab, we will try to measure various quantities related to DC circuits, including voltage drops across components, current flowing through different parts of the circuit, voltages, and resistance values. We will use multimeters to measure voltage and wattmeter to measure the current. We can also use those calculations to then figure the amount of power in each test. By recording and comparing these measurements in different circuit configurations, we aim to understand the relationships between voltage, current, and resistance and verify the principles of DC circuit analysis. Using Ohm’s Law to calculate a missing value that is needed within DC circuitry is one of the key concepts within this week's lab. Practice using this concept is a much-needed skill to be used in the future engineering workforce.

Equipment/Components: Throughout the lab, materials needed are resistors (30k, 25k, 20k, 30k, 35k, 40k, 45k, 50k Ohms), a DC power supply (15v, 20v, 25v, 30), 2 multimeters, at wattmeter, and a ground. These components are found within the Multisim software along the tool panel. Upon selecting each, double click on it to select the customary voltage or tolerances for your components. We will also use Microsoft Excel to create a table displaying our measurements. Procedure: 1. What is the voltage (VR1) across R1? R1 voltage is equaled to 15V. R1 Current is 500mA. Power dissipation is 7.5A. 2. Using two multimeters and a wattmeter, measure these values and take a screen shot showing the circuit, measuring devices and the readings. 3. On your circuit, increase the voltage in 5V increments (15V, 20V, 25V etc.) to a final voltage of 30V and record the voltage, current and power across R1 for each step. Create a table with the four variables of your findings. In Excel or other software, make labeled plots of Voltage vs Current, Current vs Resistance and Power vs Resistance. 4. Return the power supply to 15V and increase the resistance in 5kOhm increments (30kOhms, 35kOhms, 40kOhms etc.) to a final value of 50kOhms and record the voltage, current and power across R1 for each step. Create a table with the four variables of your findings. In Excel or other software, make labeled plots of Voltage vs Current, Current vs Resistance and Power vs Resistance. Discuss your findings and observations about the relationships between voltage, current, resistance and power. Part B Troubleshooting: A colleague of yours has run into some problems. They were given the below schematic, but the resistance is unreadable. They do, however, know that the nominal power dissipated by the resistor should be 50mW as shown and that the total voltage supplied is 10V as shown. Determine the value of the unknown resistor and the circuit current showing all calculations. The following formula can be used to calculate the resistor value: P = v 2 • R The power is given as 50mW, and the voltage is 10v. To find the resistance: 50 = 10 2 • R R = 50/(100). Therefore, the resistance is 0.5 2. Build the circuit in Multisim using this resistor value and run the simulation verifying that the given power is indeed correct (measure the power using a wattmeter). 3. What is the current flowing through the resistor? Measure it. What is VR? Measure it. Take a screen shot showing the circuit, measuring devices and the readings. Do not forget to include the time stamp at the bottom. 4. If you choose a 5% tolerance resistor, what is the minimum power that will be dissipated by the resistor? What is the maximum power that will be dissipated by the resistor?

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Circuit Design Step 1 : On the left you see a screenshot of the circuit design. The design has a 15v DC power supply and a resistor called R1 that has a tolerance of 30kΩ. Calculations: Step 2: on left is the circuit running the first calculation with a 15v DC power supply and a 30k Ω resistor. The results show the current is 750kA, the power is 5.625MW. Step 3: On the left is the circuit running with a DC power supply of 20V and a resistor of 30kΩ. The result of the test using the multimeter and wattmeter is the following: Current = 1MA Power = 10MW Volt = 20V Step 4: On left is a screenshot of the circuit that is running on a DC power supply with 25V and a resistor of 30kΩ. The results of the test are as

follows: Current = 1.25MA Power = 15.625MW Volt = 25V Step 5: on left is the circuit with the DC power supply set at 30V and the resistor at 30kΩ. The test results calculated are as followed: Current = 1mA Power = 30mW Volt = 30V

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Execution/Results:

??? This screenshot is from step 4; however, I am having trouble understanding why exactly the results are coming back with uA instead of A. I wanted to include this to possibly clarify this. On the left is a graph created with the measurements that were taken in the first four screenshots in part 1 of this lab. The current is increasing at the same rate the voltage is increasing. On the left is the graph showing the Current Vs. Resistance from Part 1 as well. The results show that the resistance from all voltage tests including 15v,20v,25v,30v all remained consistent with a resistance of 30kΩ.

On left is the graph created from the values obtained from part 1 voltages measurements that were charted. It shows that the resistance remained the same throughout, and the power increased the same as the current and voltage increased. This is a chart of measurements values that was calculated during the analysis. Some corrections were made during the tests, so I included all screenshots. This chart was also corrected. The last entry under current was to be 1A. To avoid any confusion the results should have just been converted to mA instead. This chart was created from the tests that measured the voltage at 15v and changed in increments of 5 kΩ for the resistor value (30,35,40,45,50k ohms)

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Analysis: Observation: Observation of the test results concludes that the resistance values all remain the same for the first tests involving the 5 units, starting at 15v and ending at 30v. Although the current did increase as the voltage increased throughout each separate test. Beginning with the analysis, the test values that returned were confusing. On the 2 multimeters the numbers for amps and volts were coming back completely different (uA instead of A) than the consistency I was expecting. After carefully reviewing the work the reason for this was due to using the two multimeters together returning different scale values. Further explanation is appreciated? Conclusion: In this DC circuits lab, the main objective was to gain a practical understanding of direct current circuits and their behavior. Through hands-on experiments and simulations, participants designed, built, and analyzed various circuit configurations using components such as resistors, batteries, switches, and measuring instruments like voltmeters and ammeters. The lab aimed to reinforce theoretical concepts, develop problem-solving skills, and examine the fundamental principles of DC circuit analysis.