EN105_Lab1Gough

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Grantham University *

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EN105

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Electrical Engineering

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Jan 9, 2024

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Kaila Gough G00215407 Lab 1 Grantham University 9/21/2023

Introduction: Write one to two paragraphs about the Lab. Explain the following information for this lab:  What are the goals to achieve in the lab? In this lab, our main goal is to design and implement a digital circuit using Multisim/VHDL. We will be focusing on understanding the concepts of digital logic and applying them to create a working circuit. The lab also aims to enhance our problem-solving skills, logical thinking, and understanding of digital systems.  What are the expectations of the lab? The expectations of this lab include successfully designing and simulating the digital circuit in Multisim/VDHL, as well as analyzing its functionality and performance. We will be expected to demonstrate our understanding of the concepts learned in class and apply them effectively to achieve the desired outcome.  How will you be implementing this lab? In order to implement this lab, students will be using Multisim/VDHL software, which allows them to design, simulate, and analyze digital circuits. They will start by conceptualizing the circuit design and then proceed to create the corresponding VHDL code. After that, they will simulate the circuits using Multisim/VHDL and make any necessary adjustments to ensure their proper functioning.  What will you try to measure? During the lab, the students will be measuring various parameters of the digital circuit to evaluate its performance. This may include measuring input and output voltage, current flows, propagation delay, power consumption, and any other relevant measurements that help assess the circuit’s functionality and efficiency. Equipment/Components: List the type of equipment or components that you will be using? Where will you find these components? How will you use these components in Multisim/VHDL? Explain any adjustments required such as tolerances. As for the equipment and components, the use of virtual components will be utilized within the Multisim/VHDL software. The components used include a 24v power source, a ground, and 2 transistors that are labeled R1 and R2, both with 5% tolerance enabled. In order to insert the components, right click on the grid anywhere and a menu pops up to search for each individual component that’s needed. According to the directions, it is asking to enable 5% for the tolerance on the transistor represented by R1 and R2. After recording the amount of current and voltage flowing through each of the resistors, directions ask to adjust the amount in R1 from 5k to 10k and R2 changes from 10k to 20k. Once the amounts are displayed properly the simulation will run and each amount recorded within the lab

template provided. The amount that is asked will be the voltage of both R1 and R2, as well as the current of each. Specifically, the voltage and current both, will change when the multimeter is changed from running in series with the loop rather than on top tagging on the outskirts of the transistor. Procedure: Briefly describe how you will approach the problem and try to solve the lab; describe and explain any techniques/rules/laws/principles you would use. Outline each step of the process. Using the included components within the Multisim software, a circuit may be constructed using the following values: V1 = 24V R1 = 5kOhms R2 = 10k Ohms/20k Ohms Ground Resistor tolerance is to be enabled and set at 5% tolerance on both transistors within the simulation. After testing step 2-5, directions ask to edit the values of the R2 transistor from 10kOhm to 20kOhm. After editing the value, repeat steps 2 – 5 once more with the new transistor value in place. Record the results within the lab report template.  Calculations  Circuit Design  Execution/Results  Analysis  Answering questions  Conclusion

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Circuit Design on right set at 5% tolerance 4v power supply on left side, Ground on bottom, (R1) 5k Ohm transistor on top set at 5% tolerance, (R2) 10k Ohm transistor Picture of circuit design before testing Calculations: While performing circuit analysis and necessary calculations to determine the expected values and behavior of the circuit components the following was interpreted: In step 2, a multimeter is set up across R1 to measure the output of voltage running through the circuit. With the DC power voltage set at 24v, the ground wired in series, and the transistors in series as well both with a tolerance of 5% resistance and set at 5k for R1, and 10k for R2 the voltage outcome is 8v. The screenshot of this calculated simulation is below. Execution/Results: The screen shot below is of the calculation obtained when running the simulation. The circuit included a 24v power source ran in series with a 5k resistor with 5% tolerance enabled (R1). The voltage calculations for the R1 transistor equaled to 24 volts when tested using the multimeter tool.

Step 2 When the multimeter is placed to run in series with R1 transistor the total voltage amount is equaled to 24v, which is the same amount as the DC power source. Step 3 Directions ask to calculate the amount of voltage across R2 using the multimeter tool. All components remain the same values from step 2, no changes other than moving the tool in order to test for voltage. The total amount of voltage is 16v.

Step 4 The multimeter is moved and set up in series with the circuit, the tool is specifically placed just before the R1 transistor in order to calculate the amount of current that is flowing into the transistor. The total value of the calculation is 1.6mA of current running within the circuit. Step 5 The multimeter was moved and placed in series with the circuit just before the R2 transistor in order to test for current flowing into the R2 transistor. All component values remained the same at this time. The analysis of this test came back with the amperage being equal to 1.6mA of current flowing through to the R2 component. The power source was 24v and R1 transistor was set at 5k and R2 was set at 10k.

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Step 6 For this test, the transistor value was changed on R2 from 10kOhms to 20kOhms. All other component values remained the same. The 24v power source remained the same. The step did not call for any testing on the circuit. In which a screenshot was not given. Step 7 The multimeter tool was placed across the R1 transistor in order to calculate the amount of voltage that flows through this part of the circuit. During this test, the value on R1 was changed from 10kOhm to 20kOhm. The amount of voltage that flows through the R1 resistor within this circuit is 4.8v.

Step 8 The procedure for step was to move the multimeter and set it up across R2 transistor in order to test for voltage while the component amounts were set at 20kOhm for the R2 transistor. The other transistor pictured at the top of the circuit (R1) was set at 5kOhm and each tolerance was enabled and set at 5%. The circuits power supply was running with a 24v DC power supply. The amount that was calculated within the circuit was 19.2v. Step 9 For step 9 the multimeter was set up to test for current flowing through to R1 transistor. In order to test for that the meter was to be set up in series as pictured above. The calculation that was determined after testing with the multimeter tool, amount was equal to 960 uA.

Step 10 (Final Step) Analysis This final test was conducted in order to test for current flowing through this circuit just before the R2 resistor location. The results of the test were calculated to be 960 uA while using the multimeter tool. All values were same as step 7, 24v DC power supply, R1 resistor set at 5kOhm with 5% tolerance, and R2 resistor set at 20kOhm with 5% tolerance, as well as having the ground in place. Questions 1. Describe the changes that occurred to the voltages and currents when the resistance was changed. When the resistance was changed, the voltages and currents in the circuit would also change. Typically, if the resistance increases, the voltage across the resistor would increase and the current flowing through it would decrease. On the other hand. If the resistance decreases, the voltage across the resistor would decrease and the current flowing through it would increase.

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2. For each of the circuits, add the voltage readings for each resistor and note that here. Do they equal the source voltage? 19.2 + 4.8 =24v 24v = 24v 19.2 + 4.8 = 24v In a series circuit, the sum of the voltage drops across each resistor should be equal to the source voltage. However, in a parallel circuit, the source voltage should be the same across all resistors. Resistance reduces the amount of current that flows through a circuit, but it turns out, voltage is also reduced. Kirchoff’s voltage law states that “the sum of all voltage drops around a circuit loop is equal to the sum of all voltage sources.” Kirchhoff’s Voltage law was discovered in 1847 by Gustav R. Kirchhoff who was a german physicist. “The algebraic sum of all voltages in a loop must equal zero.” EETech Media, LLC CH. 6 https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-6/kirchoffs-voltage-law-kvl/ 3. For each of the circuits, discuss the current going into each component. Were they the same? What conclusion can you draw from these current measurements? The current going into each component in a series circuit is the same, as the current has only one pathway to flow through, however, in a parallel circuit the current can divide among the different branches so the current going into teach component can be different from these current measurements we can conclude that the total current entering a parallel circuit is equal to the sum of the currents flowing through each resistor branch. 4. What do you think would happen if we removed the second resistor and replaced that with a short piece of wire? If we removed the second resistor and replaced it with a short piece of wire, the resistance in the circuit would decrease. As the total resistance in the circuit would decrease which would lead to an increase in the total circuit current. The voltage across the remaining resistors would also change, as the current distribution would be altered. Summary: Based on the findings, the relationship between the voltage across and the size of the resistor can be understood through Ohm’s Law, which states that the voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to its resistance. This means that as the size of the resistor increase, the voltage across it also increases, assuming the current remains constant. Conversely, if the resistance decreases the voltage across the resistor decreases.

Conclusion: This relationship between voltage and resistance affects the circuit current. According to Ohm’s Law, the current flowing though a resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance. Therefore, as the resistance increases, the current decreases, and vice versa. It is important to note that this relationship holds true as long as other factors, such as the source voltage, remain constant. Resource Page EETech Media, LLC CH. 6 https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-6/kirchoffs- voltage-law-kvl/