ECE240L Exp 1 Formal Report

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California State University, Northridge *

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240

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Electrical Engineering

Date

Apr 3, 2024

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pdf

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5

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Gregory Nalbandian Nicholas Fanderlik Wednesdays 2:00 pm - 4:45 pm September 20, 2023 ECE 240 Lab Experiment 1: Laboratory Instruments and Reports
Page 2 Objective: The objective of Experiment 1 is to understand how to utilize lab equipment properly. The lab equipment specific to this experiment consists of breadboards, power supplies, digital multimeters, oscilloscopes, and function generators. Components: The components involved in this lab are 2 wires for the breadboard, two 10-ohm resistors, two alligator clips, voltmeter test leads(positive and negative), 1 pair of 24-inch banana plugs(positive and negative), and three BNC-to-alligator connectors. Equipment: The equipment for this experiment includes the following: Agilent Technologies DSO1002A Oscilloscope(60MHz - 2GSa/s), Agilent Technologies 33220A 20MHz Function / Arbitrary Waveform Generator, Tektronix CDM250 Digital Multimeter, Agilent Technologies E3630A DC Power Supply(Triple Output, 0 to ±20 Vdc, 0 to 0.5 A / 0 to 6 Vdc, 0 to 2.5 A, 35 W), and WB-104-1 Breadboard. Theory: This experiment relies heavily on a very simple, yet important law: Ohm’s Law. The equation of Ohm’s Law, V = IR allows us to see the relationship between the voltage(V), current(I), and resistance(R) within a circuit. This experiment mainly revolves around a simple circuit of two resistors in series. The equation is used to determine the voltage drop between the two resistors as well as the current running throughout the circuit. Procedure: For the Breadboard Structure And Layout section: 1. Make sure the power supply’s voltage is completely off and set to 0V 2. Connect one of the banana leads to the +6V output of the power supply and the other end to the voltage input of the DMM. Connect another banana lead to the COM(ground) terminal of the power supply and the other end to the COM terminal of the DMM. 3. Turn on both the power supply and DMM. The DMM should also read 0V. 4. Turn the voltage adjustment knob to the right until the digital multimeter displays +6V, then turn the power supply off again. 5. Connect the power supply to the beginning of the circuit illustrated in the lab manual, and connect the COM terminal to R2. 6. Turn on the power supply and begin measuring the voltages via DMM to R1 and R2 leads. Record the results and turn off the power supply. For the Digital Multimeter section:
Page 3 1. Insert one of the banana leads into the volt/kΩ socket of the DMM and the other into the COM socket. 2. Place alligator clips on the ends of both leads and connect them to opposite leads of the resistor. Record the measurements. 3. Select the kΩ measurement on the DMM and begin with the lowest possible range. Increase the scale until a stable reading can be seen. Record the measurement after. For the Digital Oscilloscopes section: 1. Turn on the power and select the ground option for both channels 1 and 2 2. Adjust the Voltage Sensitivity knobs for both channels and record the settings 3. Repeat the previous step but for the Time Base Module 4. Open the menu selection to the right of the screen and record the different options observed For the Function Generators section: 1. Connect a BNC-to-BNC cable to the OUT terminal of the function generator and the other end to the channel 1 input on the oscilloscope. 2. Turn on both the function generator and the oscilloscope. Press the sine wave button on the function generator. 3. Adjust the amplitude and frequency on the function generator until a sine wave appears on the oscilloscope screen. The amplitude should be 200mV and the frequency should be 1kHz 4. Offset the sine wave on the function generator and record what it reads on-screen Data: Figure 1: Circuit Diagram for the BreadBoard Structure And Layout section for Experiment 1
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Page 4 R1(Ω) R2(Ω) Volts(V) Current(A) Measured 9.9 9.9 6.0 0.31 Expected 10 10 6.0 0.30 % Error 1.0% 1.0% 0.0% 3.3% Table 1: Measured and Expected Values as well as %Error for Figure 1 Calculation for %Error: |(𝑅 𝑚?𝑎????? − 𝑅 𝐸𝑥𝑝????? )/𝑅 𝐸𝑥𝑝????? | 𝑥 100% Calculation for Vp: (𝑉 𝑃𝑃 /2)/ 2 Figure 2: Circuit Diagram for the Digital Multimeter(DMM) and Digital Oscilloscope Section 𝑉 𝑃𝑃 (𝑚𝑉) Scale (mV) RMS Channel 1 Expected 200 50 70.71 Channel 1 Measured 196 50 69.30 Channel 2 Expected 100 50 35.36 Channel 2 Measured 98 50 34.65 % Error Channel 1 2% 0% 1.99% % Error Channel 2 2% 0% 2.01% Table 2: Measured and Expected RMS Values for Figure 2
Page 5 Conclusion and Lessons Learned: Overall, this was our first experiment of the semester so there was a lot to learn regarding the basics of electronics. Building a simple series circuit involving two resistors and a breadboard took some time to figure out, but after getting an understanding of how all these components go together, it made it easier to understand the second half of the experiment. Also, we learned how to apply Ohm's law to solve certain values as well as understanding how to operate the equipment involved. Our values for the percentage error from both tables prove that there was high accuracy in our measurements and that we had set up the experiment correctly. The equipment we had used had also proven to be accurate as well as the two sets of resistors.