WA Unit 2 (Comms & Networking)
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What is crosstalk? How is it minimized in case of a twisted pair of wire?
Crosstalk refers to the phenomenon where a signal transmitted on one channel or wire unintentionally induces a similar signal in an adjacent channel or wire. In the context of twisted pair cables used in communication systems, crosstalk occurs when signals leak from one pair of wires to another nearby pair. The wires within a twisted pair cable are precisely twisted around each other. This twisting helps to reduce the effect of external interference by ensuring that both wires are exposed to similar external influences, thus reducing the likelihood of crosstalk. By employing this technique, twisted pair cables can significantly minimize crosstalk, making them a popular choice for various communication systems like Ethernet networks and telephone lines.
Why are two separate frequencies used for uplink and downlink transmission in case of satellite communication?
Using separate frequencies for uplink (transmission from Earth to the satellite) and downlink (transmission from the satellite to Earth) in satellite communication is primarily done to avoid interference and improve the overall efficiency of communication systems. Using two different frequencies, allows the satellite’s transmitter and receiver components to operate independently without conflicting with each other. It also allows for better isolation between the signals to help minimize interference between the signals from Earth stations and those transmitted by the satellite.
By employing distinct frequencies for uplink and downlink transmissions in satellite communication, the overall system performance is enhanced, ensuring more reliable and efficient communication between Earth stations and satellites in orbit.
Differentiate between the 2 switching techniques (Circuit Switching and Packet Switching) (4 differences).
Circuit switching and packet switching are two fundamental methods used in telecommunications for transmitting data, but they differ in their approach to handling connections and data transfer.
Circuit Switching
Packet Switching
Connection-oriented – a dedicated communication path is established and reserved for the entire duration of the communication session between the sender and receiver.
Connectionless – breaks data into smaller units (packets) that are individually routed across the network based on available paths and resources. Each packet travels independently and can take different routes to reach the destination.
Resource Reservation – before data transmission begins, resources (such as bandwidth) are allocated along the established
path, ensuring a continuous and predictable transmission without contention. Shares Resources – bandwidth is shared among multiple users and packets. Instead of reserving a dedicated path, packets compete for available bandwidth dynamically. Fixed Bandwidth – the allocated bandwidth remains dedicated to the established connection, regardless of whether data is being actively transmitted or not. This leads to
potential inefficiency if the channel remains idle.
Variable Bandwidth Usage – bandwidth is used more efficiently as it’s dynamically allocated instead based on demand. Unused bandwidth on a network link can be utilized by other packets.
Data is processed and transmitted at the source only (Williams, 2023).
Data is processed and transmitted, not only at the source but also at the destination (Williams, 2023).
What is the answer to Exercise 2.7 from Section 2 of our textbook with this change: the 4th transmission (B sends to D) does not occur?
Suppose we have the Ethernet switches S1 through S4 arranged as below. All forwarding tables are empty. Each switch uses the learning algorithm of 2.4 Ethernet Switches. Now suppose the following packet transmissions take place:
●
A sends to D
●
D sends to A
●
A sends to B
●
B sends to D
For each switch S1-S4, like what source addresses (e.g. A, B, C, D) it has seen (and this what nodes it has learned the location of). If the fourth transmission (B sends to D) doesn’t occur, it would look like this:
Switch
Destination
S1
A, D
S2
A, D
S3 A
S4
A
References
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Williams, L. (2023, November 17). Key Difference between Circuit Switching and Packet Switching
. Guru99. Retrieved November 25, 2023, from https://www.guru99.com/difference-
between-circuit-switching-and-packet-switching.html
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