Final Project SCI 220

Discuss the challenges of Renewable Energy

What is Energy crisis? What are the causes of energy crisis? Explain the consequences and possible solutions of the energy crisis.

QUESTION 6 ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN SOUTH AFRICA 6.1 Read the text below and answer the questions that follow. Nuclear fission is the release of energy that occurs when a radioactive element such as uranium is split into other atoms. South Africa's main coal reserves are concentrated in Mpumalanga. Because moving coal or electricity over long distances is inefficient, it was decided in the mid-1970s to build a nuclear power station at Koeberg near Cape Tawn in the Westem Cape. A nuclear power station uses radicactive fuel, usually uranium-235, which is placed in a reactor. Nuclear waste is radioactive because the splitting of uranium atoms also reieases gamma radiation. These gamma rays are similar to x-rays and can cause bums, cancer and genetic mutations in living things. They can only be slowed or stopped thick walls of concrete, lead, or packed ground. It is therefore very important that nuclear waste is disposed of correctly, so that it does not contaminate the environment or…

Select the false comment about the Alternating Current and Direct Current.   A Direct current is not easily converted to higher or lower voltages, thus, cannot delivered to long distances.   B AC system in the U.S. provides in 60 Hz   C Today our electricity is still predominantly powered by AC.   D Solar Photo Voltaic cells are the example of running on AC power.

Which of the following is a true statement concerning the production of electricity in conventional nuclear power plants using fission reactors?     New nuclear power plants will be built without containment structures, due to the increased insulation in the reactor core. New nuclear power plants will be built without containment structures, due to the increased insulation in the reactor core. A Thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy and then to electrical energy, as in coal-burning power plants. Thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy and then to electrical energy, as in coal-burning power plants. B Regularly scheduled releases of radioactive gases during production are well below the maximum contamination levels set by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). Regularly scheduled releases of radioactive gases during production are well below the maximum contamination levels set by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). C Nuclear…

Watch the video "Can 100% renewable energy power the world?" by Federico Rosei and Renzo Rosei. Write the important points that you have learned from the video.

General questions: 1. What is the difference between saturated vapor and superheated vapor? 2. Is it true that water boils at higher temperature at higher pressure? Explain 3. What is the difference between the critical point and the triple point? 4. Is it possible to have water vapor at 210 °C? 5. Is it true that it takes more energy to vaporize 1 kg of saturated liquid water at 100°C than it would at 120°C? 6. Which process requires more energy: completely vaporizing 1 kg of saturated liquid water at 1 atm pressure or completely vaporizing 1 kg of saturated liquid water at 8 atm pressure?

In this assignment, a back pressure cogeneration plant process (see Figure 1) producing district heat (DH) and electricity will be designed based on given supply and return water temperatures and DH production. Personal initial values are listed in Appendix 1, plant and component efficiency assumptions and pressure drops are listed in Table 1. Using the given and chosen values, • determine pressure, temperature, specific enthalpy, and mass flow rate at each state point • calculate net electric power, fuel consumption, and efficiencies for electricity and CHP production • draw the process in a T,s-diagram (boiler pressure drop is assumed to occur entirely in superheaters) fuel air HPPH Boll 7 Efficiencies 6 E1 E12 Pressure drops FWP Table 1. Efficiencies and pressure losses E1 DA 5 Turbine E2 2 DHC 3 € supply return CP Figure 1. A process diagram for a back pressure CHP plant; G = generator, B = boiler, DA = deaerator (open feed heater), DHC = district heating condenser, HPPH = high…

The figure to the right illustrates the market for coffee in Colombia. Suppose the demand for coffee in Colombia is DColombia and the supply in Colombia is Scolombia: The world price of coffee with free trade is Pw 1.) Using the point drawing tool, indicate the quantity of coffee demanded at the world price (Q) in Colombia and the quantity of coffee supplied at the world price (QS) in Colombia. Properly label each point 2.) Using the point drawing tool, indicate the domestic market equilibrium price and quantity for coffee in Colombia if trade were completely eliminated. Label the point 'E' Carefully follow the instructions above, and only draw the required objects. PW Price per pound Quantity (Pounds of Coffee) SColombia Peolombia

In 1980 wind turbines in Europe generated about 5 gigawatt-hours of energy. The amount of energy will increased by 59% per year. Estimate how many years it will take for 80 gigawatt-hours of energy to be generated?

A water pump can be described by a Weibull distribution with shape parameter 1.7 and 265000 miles.(b) Calculate the reliability of the pump.

A public utility is planning to construct a high head hydroelectric facility. The approximate cost for large facilities is $3000 USD per kWe installed. The utility is considering two options, a 600 MWe facility that would operate at a 70% capacity factor or an 800 MW. facility that would operate at a 65% capacity factor. If electricity is sold for $0.13 per kWh, estimate the payback period for the additional infrastructure costs for the larger facility. Ignore the cost recovery factor and operating costs.

The theoretical maximum efficiency of wind turbines is limited by the velocity of air leaving the turbine preventing air from entering the turbine.     TRUE OR FALSE?

Niagara Falls, Ontario has attracted tourists from all over the world since even the early 19th century. The Sir Adam Beck hydroelectric generating stations diverts water from the Niagara and Welland rivers upstream from the falls themselves and releases it into the Niagara River to produce up to 2000 MW of output power. According to the World Energy Council, the average Canadian household uses about 11MWh per year of electricity.  Using these given data, estimate how many Canadian households can be powered by the Sir Adam Beck stations each year. (Assume the power station is running at full capacity of 2000 MW, 24 hours a day and 365 days a year).   Question 5 options:   867,000   1.5 million   93,100   181

Imagine you are driving a car up Pike’s Peak in Colorado. To raise a car weighing 1000 kilograms a distance of 100 meters would require about a million joules. You could raise a car 12.5 kilometers with the energy in a gallon of gas. Driving up Pike's Peak (a mere 3000-meter climb) should consume a little less than a quart of gas. But other considerations have to be taken into account. Explain, in terms of efficiency, what factors may keep you from realizing your ideal energy use on this trip.

Q1. a) Reactive power is a fundamental concept in power system engineering (i) Define "reactive power". Go on to explain why reactive power is so important in the operation of modern power systems. (ii) Explain why long undersea cables often use direct current. (ii) What is power factor correction? (iv) Should large industrial users of electricity be charged for their reactive power consumption? Explain your reasoning