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Rio Salado Community College *
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Course
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Subject
Electrical Engineering
Date
Feb 20, 2024
Type
docx
Pages
51
Uploaded by SuperMusic12967
1.
Unlike coaxial cables and copper wires, optical fibers are immune to: effects of IR interference.
electromagnetic interference.*******correct
high-frequency transmission.
signal losses.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;
2.When the axes of two connected fibers are no longer parallel, the two connected fibers are in what kind of misalignment?
Axial
Lateral*****correct
Angular
Longitudinal
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
2.
Which Of the following is NOT true regarding mode field diameter?
A change in the mode field diameter results in a change in signal velocity.***Correct
A change in the mode field diameter results in a change average dispersion index.
The mode field diameter does not change with wavelength.
The total mode field diameter changes with the wavelength.
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
4.Which one of the following is NOT affected by surplus fiber (backlashes and tails)?
Optical wavelengths carried on the fiber
The Fiber Bill of Materials***
The optical loss budget
The optical input power to the node ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
5.Which of the following results in an improvement in the Bit Error Ratio?
Higher SBS The use of optical couplers
The transmitter and receiver are closer together****correct?
Use of mechanical connectors instead of fusion splices
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
6. What is the accepted color order for the first six fibers in a fiber optic cable?
Blue, Orange, Green, Brown, Slate, White*****correct
Blue, Brown, Green, Orange, Slate, White
Orange, Blue, White, Slate, Green, Brown
Slate, White, Blue, Orange, Brown, Green
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
7. The ITU DWDM grid assigns the laser output wavelengths to for channel spacing.
O 0.8 nm; 200 GHz
0 0.7 nm; 100 GHz
0 0.7 nm; 200 GHz
0 0.8 nm; 100 GHz***correct
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
8. Which of the following is NOT a component of a GPON network?
Optical Line Terminal
Optical Network Termination
1x32 splitter
Multimedia Terminal Adaptor******Correct
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
9.Which is considered to be proper handling of fiber? correct page 182
Avoid high humidity
Keep exposed fiber out of direct sunlight
Remove the buffer tube with a razor blade
Evaluate the surface prior to prepping the fiber*** correct
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
10. Use of a__________ to install a fiber optic cable in a sodded yard will likely result in the least visible damage to property.
trenching machine
frost chain
plowing machine******* correct
chain saw
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
11. Shot noise is a contributor to the total carrier-to-noise ratio of an optical link. Shot noise is caused by
the:
random variations in laser output amplitude.
double Rayleigh backscatter.
statistical variation in arriving photon distribution.******Correct
interferometric intensity variations.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
12. What is the term for the minimum distance after a reflection that the OTDR can accurately measure to a second reflection?
dead zone*******correct
Fresnel zone
sweet zone
terminal zone
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
13. When using the drive-off method of installing fiber optic cables, lashing occurs:
while the cable is being paid out.*****correct
every 500 feet.
after the cable has been pulled out.
while the strand is still on the ground.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
14. Relative intensity noise is caused by:
random variations in laser output amplitude.*******correct
double Rayleigh backscatter.
the statistical variation in output current independent of the optical input.
interferometric intensity variations.
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
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15.Cable TV microwave systems typically:
provide over-the-horizon links.
provide links exceeding 100 km.
have links that require line—of—sight.****correct
operate in multi-point to point mode.
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
16.What spectrum analyzer resolution bandwidth (RBW) would be used to accurately measure the amplitude of a low frequency beat located approximately 15 kHz above an NTSC video
3 kHz .
30 kHz***correct
300 kHz
It doesn't matter. A spectrum analyzer displays all frequencies.
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
17.When fusion splicing optical fibers:
cleave angle is relevant.*****correct
it is acceptable to mate different core sizes.
0.25 dB is the target splice loss.
downstream and upstream losses must be equal.
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
18.What is the advantage of using a Mach-Zender type modulator compared to direct modulation?
Reduce the effects of chirp*******corect
Reduce the relative intensity noise
Page 296 – both answers seems to be correct.
Reduce the carrier-to-noise ratio
Reduce the effects of common path distortion
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
19.A primary benefit of DWDM is that it is a cost effective way to:
increase redundancy.
extend the reach of a single headend.
expand bandwidth.*****correct
isolate network failures.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
20.Which optical modulation scheme requires the least complicated process for converting optical signals to RF?
AM***correct
Digital
FM
Sonet
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
21.The ITU Grid specifies a channel center wavelength of 1514.10 nanometers for 198.00 THz. What does the ITU Grid specify for the channel center wavelength corresponding to 190.00 THz
1586.20nm '
1577.86nm***correct
1569.59nm
1452.92nm
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;
22.To ensure FCC compliance, frequency measurements should be made using:
the warm-up window timeframe specified by the manufacturer.
NIST traceable equipment.***correct
NIST traceable signal level meter.
NBS traceable equipment.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;
23.What does a modern optical power meter do?
Measures only the wavelength of light coming out of a transmitter or fiber
Measures only the amount of electrical power needed to run the transmitter
Measures only the amount of light coming out of a transmitter or fiber
Measures the amount and wavelength of light coming out of a transmitter or fiber***correct
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
24.Which of the following will NOT increase the Bit Error Rate?
Bad Connectors
Long Drops***correct
Incorrect amplifier operating levels
Damaged cable :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
25.As it relates to fiber optics, post-amplifier noise is noise generated by an amplifier on the electrical output of the:
headend combiner.
RF section in the optical node
laser.
photodetector. ***correct
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
26.Light that has been scattered due to Double Rayleigh backscatter and combined with the normally transmitted optical signal will effectively:
improve the link's carrier-to-noise ratio.
degrade the link's noise performance.***correct
degrade the link's distortion levels.
improve the link's carrier-to-intermodulation ratio
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
27. The type of optical network that varies the intensity of the laser output to correspond to amplitude variations of the RF input to the transmitter uses which type of modulation?
FM
Digital
SONET
AM ***correct
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
28.Precision power level measurements on microwave systems are made using a:
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signal level meter.
digital volt meter.
PTDR.
thermocouple. ***correct
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
29.In a fiber optic link, most of the distortions are generated by the:
micro bends or macro bends in the optical cable.
splices.
connectors.
laser diode. ***correct
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
30.Which of the following is true?
The optical link contributes both noise and distortion to the customer's TV set.
The optical link contributes noise only to the customers TV set.
The optical link contributes distortion only to the customer's TV set.
The optical link contributes neither noise nor distortion to the customer's TV set. ***correct
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;
31.Which of the following is NOT true of optical to optical links?
Better noise characteristics than optical/RF links
Better distortion characteristics than optical/RF links
Less equipment than optical/RF links
Easier to insert channels than optical/RF links ?
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
32.A microwave transmitter should never be operated:
Without VHF inputs.
Without 2 Kilovolts.
Without a reference crystal oscillator.
Without proper termination of the transmitter output. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
33.Which of the following parameters measured in a DWDM system is the best indicator of the overall performance of individual channels?
Crosstalk
Total optical power
Carrier-to-noise ratio***correct
Channel center wavelength ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
34.Which is NOT a primary transmission parameter for single mode fiber?
Attenuation
Numerical aperture***correct
Dispersion
Mode field diameter :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
35.The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defines an allowed optical frequency channel plan
based on:
100 GHz channel spacing from a reference frequency of 193.1 THz (152.52 nanometers). ***correct
FCC frequency allocations for lightwave transmission.
50 nanometer incremental wavelength channel spacing.
5 nanometer incremental wavelength channel spacing
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
36.If two different loss readings are measured for a splice when testing from both directions, how is the approximate true splice loss found?
Use the higher reading.
Use the lower reading.
Average the two readings.
Use 10 log (Loss1÷Loss 2) ?
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;
37.Pedestals containing fiber should:
be marked as containing fiber.
not contain coax.
have fiber marked as such.
should always be placed in the right-of-way
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
38.Which of the following is NOT an advantage of digital signals?
The ability to store signals without degradation
The ability to transmit signals over long distances using repeaters
Digital signals are immune to noise***correct
Digital signals more efficiently utilize the CATV spectrum :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;
39.Which of the following optical spectrum analyzer functions is used to
Page 238 analyze DWDM signals?
Dynamic range
Phase differential between carriers
Total optical power
Channel power***correct
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
40.What would the loss be over a 60km length of fiber at 1310nm with the following known?
- Reel length 3km
- Fiber loss 0.4 dB/km
- Splice loss 0.1 dB each
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- Connector loss 0.5 dB each
24.7 dB
25.7 dB
26.1 dB
26.9 dB***correct
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
50.The general term for carrying multiple wavelengths on a single fiber is:
wave doubling multiplexing.
wavelength division multiplexing.***correct
wide deviation multiplexing.
world division multiplexing
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
51. Prior to beginning fiber construction with a utility vault,
remove all metallic objects from your person.
two people must be in the vault at all times.
ensure that your gas detector is properly functioning.***correct
have the power shut off in the vault
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
52. Second order distortion ratios generated by a directly modulated DFB laser will degrade by roughly _________ for every _________ increase in RF drive signal.
1 dB; 1 dB***correct
2 dB; 1 dB
1 dB; 2 dB
2 dB; 2 dB ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
53. optical transmitter's output is measured at +9 dBm. There is 26.9 km of fiber between the transmitter and the receiver. The fiber loss is specified at 0.30 dB/km.
There are 4 fusion splices with the following losses at 1550 nm; 0.01 dB, 0.01 dB, 0.02 dB and 0.01 dB. How much optical power should a technician expect to measure at the optical input of the receiver?
0.88 mW
1.2 mWcorrect
2.7 mW
8.2mW ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
54.It is 2:00 AM and the tower light is burned out. You cannot fix the light within 30 minutes. What do you do?
Report it to the operations manager in the morning.
It's not the tech's duty to report.
Call the operations manager immediately.***correct
Call the FCC in the morning
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
55.In many optical node designs, manufacturers provide a DC test point for testing and measuring a certain DC voltage. This voltage usually corresponds to:
the amount of RF output.
the amount of AC power.
the amount of received optical power.***correct
the amount of current regulation being used. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
56. FTTH delivers optical fiber to:
half way between the node and the customer's residence.
the HFC node.
within 500 feet of the customer's residence.
the side of the customer's residence. ***correct
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
57.What is the definition of bit error rate (BER)?
Total number of bits received divided by the total number of bits transmitted.
Total number of bits received in error divided by the total number of bits transmitted.***correct
Total number of bits received in error divided by the total number of bits received.
Total number of bits received in error divided by the total number of bits transmitted and received
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
58. Physical faults related to fiber transportation will be most commonly analyzed by the use of an:
OFSM
OTDR***correct
OLD
OPM :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
59.An optical time domain reflectometer measures _________ in optical networks.
dispersion and delay
delay and optical modulation index
distance and loss***correct
velocity of propagation and dispersion ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
60.A ____________ should be used to continually monitor the pulling tension applied while installing a new aerial fiber optic cable.
hydrometer
tensionometer
dynamometer***correct
tensile magnamometer ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
61.A primary advantage to gigabit Ethernet is that it represents:
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a low-cost solution to escalating PC costs.
an uncomplicated path to DWDM.
a simpler architecture than RF.
a low-cost solution to increasing bandwidth demands***correct
*
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
62. Given an optical fiber transmitting at 1550nm, at what distance will Check PAGE 12
approximately 10% of the input light remain?
20km
40km
100km***correct
200km ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
63. The following can be discovered while performing post-construction inspection EXCEPT:
fibers are spliced incorrectly.***correct
riser guard not installed.
rollers not removed.
excessive fiber not properly stored. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
64.Which is a typically accepted value for a fusion splice loss?
Page 202
0.001 to 0.005 dB
0.01 to 0.05 dB***correct
0.1 to 0.5 dB
1.0 to 5.0 dB :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
65. On the display of an optical time domain reflectometer, the sloped line represents the fiber's:
index of refraction.
aperture.
reflective index.
Attenuation***correct
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
66.When two light wavelengths (such as 1310nm and 1550nm) are placed on a single fiber they are said to be:
added.
combined.
multiplexed.***correct
interlaced. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
67.Interferometric Intensity Noise (IIN) is most affected by:
the photodetector's noise figure. ***correct
thermal noise contribution.
the length of optical fiber.
RF input to the transmitter
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
68.What are the proper units for an absolute measurement referenced to 1 milliwatt of optical power?
dBmV
dBm***correct
dBmW
dB ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
69.An optical power meter performs the same functions in the optical realm that a ___________ does in the RF realm.
Toner
Digital multimeter
Signal level meter***correct
Time domain reflectometer ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
70.The output from an optical transmitter is measured at 11 mW. This is the equivalent of:
9.2 dBm.
9.8 dBm.
10.4 dBm.***correct
11 dBm. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
71.Frequency stacking (channel bonding) in an HFC return system is used primarily to accomplish what?
Increase return bandwidth***correct
*
Reduced common path distortion
Reduce the effects of ingress
Increased OMI :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
72.What is Double Rayleigh Backscattering?
Backward scattered light is rescattered in the forward direction and combines with normally transmitted
light.***correct
Normally transmitted light is backscattered at both 1310nm and also at 1550nm.
The backscattered light combines with the normally transmitted light to produce double the link noise.
As laser power increases, the backscattered light increases as the square of the transmitted power. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
73.The primary purpose of performing underground service locates prior to installing underground cables in a right-of-way is to:
prevent injury and damage.***correct
maximize liability.
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enforce local construction codes.
reduce construction time
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
74.Chromatic dispersion is defined as:
Propogation velocity changes as a function of wavelength.***correct
Propagation velocity changes due to defects in fiber.
Propogation velocity changes as a function of optical input power.
Propogation velocity changes as a function of channel loading
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
75.Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits are used in frequency modulated systems to:
improve signal-to-noise ratios of the low frequency components of the signal.
improve signal-to-noise ratios of the high frequency components of the signal.***correct
improve signal-to-noise ratios of the medium frequency components of the signal.
improve signal-to-noise ratios except at high frequency components of the signal
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
76.Why does a 2 dB change in optical power produce a 4 dB change in signal power upon photo detection in an optical receiver?
The RF amplifiers that follow the detector stage in the receiver are power doubling.
Signal power is proportional to the square of the photodiode current. ***correct
Signal power is the algebraic sum of hole flow plus current flow.
The RF amplifiers that follow the detector stage in the receiver are voltage doubling. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
77. When measuring the noise power of the noise floor, how much will the noise floor display change if the spectrum analyzer's resolution bandwidth is increased from 30 kHz to 300 kHz?
It will increase 3 dB.
It will decrease 3 dB.
It will increase 10 dB.***correct
It will decrease 10 dB. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
78.What should be done in the FTTN network when excessive noise is visible on a customer's TV screen?
First troubleshoot the fiber link for excessive CPD, then check for excessively high or low RF network levels.
First troubleshoot the fiber link for low light levels, then check for excessively high or low RF network levels.
First troubleshoot the RF distribution levels, then check for lowered optical power level.***correct
First troubleshoot the RF distribution levels, then check for high optical power level. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
79.Which of the following optical fiber-related hazards is typically NOT a concern during emergency restoration procedures?
a:"
Chemicals such as acetone degreasers and sealing compounds
b":"Armor casing's sharp edges
c":"Retina or cornea damage
?????
d":"Handling large cable reels?????
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
80.What is the purpose of the band pass filter that is used to test for intermodulation beats (in conjunction with a spectrum analyzer) at the output of a fiber optic node?
a":"To keep beats from other channels from causing false readings
b":"To eliminate beats from the RF section of the node.
c":"
To prevent the input circuits within spectrum analyzer from overloading and causing***correct
{I believe this was cut short}
d":"To prevent local oscillator leakage and other energy created by the spectrum analyzer from feeding back into the .
node and causing interference to other channels
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
81.Which of the following specifications would indicate an optical spectrum analyzer's ability to deal with closely spaced optical channels?
a":"Wavelength accuracy
b":"
Resolution bandwidth***correct
c":"Optical sensitivity
d":"Dynamic range
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
82.An optical time domain reflectometer relies on which of the following phenomena to test the properties of a fiber optic cable?
dispersion
noise
Rayleigh reflections***correct
distortions
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
83.Which of the following is true concerning connectors and optical time domain reflectometer testing?
A Connectors will appear as losses only***correct
B Connectors will appear as reflections only
C Connectors will appear as losses and reflections
D Connectors will not appear
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
84.Which operating parameter must be measured because of potential adverse affects of non-linear Phenomena in a fiber optic link?
A Channel center wavelength
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B Crosstalk
C Signal-to-noise ratio
D Total optical power***correct
Page 72
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;
85. The phrase sweep the fiber optic link refers to the process of:
Page 299
A Setting all operating levels in the node's forward and reverse directions????
B Photographing the spectrum analyzer display
C Measuring the level of distortion on every channel?????
D Determining the link's
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
86. When sweeping the return path, which of the following is true?
A A return sweep receiver is not required.
B A return sweep transmitter is connected to a forward input test point or a reverse sweep injection point.
C A return sweep transmitter is connected to one of the nodes forward output test point or a reverse sweep injection point .***correct
D A return sweep transmitter is in the headend prior to the optical transmitter
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/////////
87.In a system utilizing status monitoring, what does a transponder do?
Transmits the status data upstream to the headend***correct
Sounds an audible alarm at its location in the field when failure occurs
Sends and receives the status information to/from the customer's television
Establishes the time stamp for digital set-top boxes
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
////////////
88.Which of the following is NOT an example of extrinsic losses attributable to fiber
optic connector installation?
Page 221
Fiber end separation and lateral displacement
Concentricity error and mode field diameter mismatch***correct
Angular misalignment
Face tilt and face roughness
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
89.Narrower optical time domain reflectometer pulse widths are used to:
minimize picture interference.
increase resolution.***correct
see further down the fiber.
decrease resolution near the transmitter.
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
90.Which of the following is NOT a viable method to conserve dark fibers when feeding new areas?
Page
114
Locating optical couplers in the field
Placing an EDFA in the area
Digitizing the return path
Using single output fiber nodes***correct
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
91.In most cases, proper return path alignment will accomplish which of themfollowing?
Page 358
Signals are tilted from shortest to longest wavelength
Signals are tilted from longest to shortest wavelength
Receive levels correspond to the source's distance away from the headend regardless of wavelength
Consistent receive levels on all wavelengths at the headend upstream receiver***correct
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
92.An optical power meter performs the same functions in the optical realm that a
___________ does in the RF realm.
Toner
Digital multimeter
Signal level meter***correct
Time domain reflectometer
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
93.Using the following information, what is the maximum fiber length in a system
with a link budget of 25 dB?
- Reel length 2 km
- Fiber loss 0.4 dB/km
- Splice loss 0.2 dB each
- Connector loss 0.5 dB each
24 km
48 km***correct
96 km
240 km
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
94. What type of conversion takes place in digital return at the node?
Analog-to-analog conversion
Analog-to-digital conversion
Digital-to-digital conversion
Digital-to-analog conversion***correct
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
95. What might be a result of a single dust particle 10 microns in diameter in the
center of a single mode connector?
It will block approximately 7% of the light since the fiber diameter is approximately 10 times larger than the dust particle.
It will block a significant portion of the light since the fiber core diameter is approximately equal to the size of the dust***correct
particle.
It will NOT cause any harm since the laser light will evaporate it in a few milliseconds.
It will cause the light to scatter, causing tiling in the video.
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//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
96.If the cooling circuit within an optical transmitter should fail, which of the following
is most likely to occur? Page 243
Degradation of distortion performance***correct
Power supply failure
Photodetector failure
No modulation of the light source
SONET networks traditionally utilize ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
97.SONET networks traditionally utilize which of the following architectures?
Ring***correct
Tree and branch
Double star
Bus
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
98.Node plus "0" architecture typically delivers an optical fiber to within __________
of homes passed.
50 - 100 feet
500 - 1000 feet***correct
1500 - 2000 feet
2000 - 5000 feet
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
99.What does the “A” in an APC fiber connector stand for?
Amplified
Attenuated
Angled***correct
Asynchronous
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
100. When installing aerial fiber optic cable using the back-pull method, the reel
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should be set up beyond the first pole at a distance of at least ______ times the
height of the cable set-up chute. 0.5
1
2 ***correct
3
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
101. The up and down conversion processes associated with frequency stacking may
introduce _____________ to the received return signals.
frequency offsets and absorption
absorption and phase noise
frequency offsets and phase noise***correct
ingress and phase noise
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
102.Each of the following attenuation factors is considered part of a typical optical
loss budget, EXCEPT:
Page 312
Fiber loss and splice loss.
wavelength conversion loss.***correct
splitter and coupler loss.
connector loss
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
103.An optical power meter measures the __________ power emanating from a fiber.
Average
Peak***correct
RMS
reflected
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
104.Splice loss in an optical fiber is most accurately measured with:
an optical time domain reflectometer.***correct
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a lightwave reflector.
a signal strength meter.
an optical power meter.
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
105. It is common for manufacturers of optical nodes to specify a nominal optical input
to the photodetector of approximately:
Page 26
0 dBm. ***correct
1 dBm.
3 dBm.
6 dBm.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
106When Mach-Zender external modulators are used to modulate the output of a
laser, increasing the OMI will cause distortions due to clipping to look similar to:
composite second order.
Page 31
composite triple beat.
electrical interference. ***correct
thermal noise.
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
107.A launch cable should be used between the optical time domain reflectometer
and the fiber to be tested. How long should the launch cable be?
5m - 10m
50m - 100m
500m - 1000m***correct
5000m - 10000m
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
108. To prevent damaging a fiber optic cable due to a sudden increase in pulling
tension, a __________ must be used.
torque wrench
set-up chute
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polyethylene roller
break-away swivel***correct
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
109. Which of the following does NOT improve the Bit Error Rate?
Installing software filters????????
Installing hardware filters
Replacing defective connectors
Reducing the laser output power
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
110. An optical transmitter's specification indicates that its output should be 9 dBm
±0.2 dBm. An optical power meter is used to measure the actual output, but the
power meter reads only in mW. Which of the following measurements would be
within specification?
8.1 mW***correct
9 mW
9.2 mW
9.6 mW
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
111. Which of the following terms describes what produces laser light?
Stimulated emission***correct
Spontaneous emission
Fusion emission
Standard emission
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
112. Which of the following is a characteristic of fiber-to-the curb architecture? Page 347
Higher RF distribution output levels. ***correct
Fiber is run all the way to the side of the home.
Longer amplifier cascades are possible.
Less fiber-optic cable is used than with traditional HFC.
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///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
113 Which of the following is NOT true of commonly used sweep systems?
Individual channel types (analog, digital, etc) can be programmed into the sweep system for a more accurate frequency response measurement.
Sweep systems commonly used today can be configured to minimize, and in many cases eliminate, interference to existing signals carried in the system.
The transmitter can be programmed to use active channels and inserted sweep signals to create a frequency response trace on a receiver.
Sweep systems commonly used today can NOT be configured to minimize, and in many cases eliminate, interference to existing signals carried in the system.
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
114 A primary benefit of DWDM is that it is a cost effective way to:
increase redundancy.
extend the reach of a single headend.
expand bandwidth.
isolate network failures.
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
115 An APC connector is used when: connector noise is not a consideration.
mating to an UPC connector.
reflections are a concern.
an MT style connector is unavailable.
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
116 Which of the following would NOT contribute to degraded bit error rate in a digital
fiber optic link?
Noise
Electromagnetic interference
Composite triple beat
Composite second order
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///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
117. When using the back-pull method of installing fiber optic cables, lashing occurs:
while the cable is being paid out.
every 500 feet.
after the cable has been pulled out.
while the strand is still on the ground.
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
118. How might variations in backscatter between two spliced fibers appear on an
OTDR?
As apparent excessive splice loss
As a flat line
As an upward slope
As a downward slope
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
119. According to the NESC, the minimum clearance at the pole between an aerial
fiber optic cable and a power company's secondary line is:
Page 169
6 inches.
12 inches.
36 inches.
40 inches. //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
120. What is the specification that indicates the lowest signal level that an optical
spectrum analyzer can accurately measure?
Dynamic range
Optical sensitivity Correct on page 239
Resolution bandwidth
Wavelength accuracy
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
121. What is the size of the core in a typical single mode fiber for use in the 1310nm
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to 1550nm range?
75-80 microns
40-50 microns
25-30 microns
5-10 microns***correct
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
122. If an antenna registration number is required by an agency for compliance:
The number must be posted on the wall inside the building.
The number must be listed in the agency's public files.
It must be visible from near the base of the tower.
No posting or listing is required.
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
123. As it relates to fiber optics, post-amplifier noise is noise generated by an amplifier
on the electrical output of the:
headend combiner.
RF section in the optical node.
laser.
photodetector.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
An optical time domain reflectometer uses____________ to characterize fibers, find faults and optimize fibers.
refraction =
absorption
attenuation
backscatter
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Which of the following optical spectrum analyzer functions allows for the detection of excessive drift in laser source output? Channel center wavelength,
page-238
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
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SONET networks traditionally utilize which of the following architectures?
Ring ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Many optical nodes have an optical power test point that allows for measuring a DC Voltage that closely corresponds to: page 44: optical power input.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Before pulling out a new fiber optic cable onto the strand it is very important to ensure that all: downguys and deadends are installed and properly tensioned.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
What are the two basic types of single mode step-index fibers?
Matched and depressed clad
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
What bit error rate is usually specified for digital transmission links?
10^-9 =
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Mid-point pulling is used during underground installation of long underground fiber optic cables to reduce the pulling tension associated with.
pulling the cable through conduit
.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
What intrinsic factor determines a fiber‘s susceptibility to either microbending or macrobending induced loss?
Mode field diameter
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Which of the following statements regarding a restoration link is NOT true?
Link ends should be prepared on site to ensure the lowest fiber loss. =
Link cable should match the fiber network’s cable.
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Link ends should be prepared with all fibers in splice trays inside closures.
Link must contain enough fibers to restore the largest cable in the network.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
A Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) will help in:
Locating damage or impedance discontinuities in coaxial cable.
=
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
To ensure there is sufficient signal at the input to a spectrum analyzer to make an accurate carrier-to-
noise test on the RF output of and optical node, the input to the spectrum analyzer should be disconnected. If there is sufficient signal, the noise floor should:
Decrease by about 3 dB.
Decrease by at least 10 db. =
Increase by about 3 dB. Not change more than 0.5 dB.
___________________ SLIDE
53 ________________ An optical regenerate is a receiver-transmitter pair that:
recovers the digital bit stream and then uses the bit stream to demodulate an optical source. V
amplifies the optical bit stream.
recovers the digital bit stream and then uses the bit stream to remodulate an optical source.
remodulates the optical bit stream. =
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of fiber-to-the-curb?
Shorter amplifier cascades
Better amplifier distortion numbers
Better amplifier C/N numbers
Increased channel loading =
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::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
All of the following tasks must be done prior to installing underground fiber EXCEPT:
ensure locates have been done.
become familiar with the route.
secure required permits
. =
service trucks prior to construction.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
On the display of an optical time domain reflectometer, the sloped line
represents the fibers: attenuation
. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Third order distortion ratios generated by a directly modulated DFB laser will degrade by roughly_________ for every________ increase
2 dB; 1 dB
=
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
What is the purpose of an optical link budget?
It determines the maximum distance from the transmitter to the receiver
. =
It determines the maximum dollar cost of the optical link.
It determines maximum channel loading on the transmitter.
It determines the link distortion numbers.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Which of the following is true of optical fibers? Page 38 & 41
Single mode fibers have a higher capacity than multimode fibers, but multimode fibers have lower loss than single mode fibers
. =
single mode fibers have higher loss than multimode fibers.
single mode fibers and multimode fibers have the same loss characteristics.
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Multimode fibers have a higher capacity than single mode fibers, but single mode fibers have lower loss than multimode fibers.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Which of the following is true?
The optical link contributes neither noise nor distortion to the customer's TV set
. ======================================================================
EXAM 2
EXAM 2
======================================================================
What effect is responsible for high fiber attenuation between 1310 and
1550 nm?
Hydroxyl ion absorption
Brillouin scattering
UV absorption
Infrared absorption
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
If a transmitter has an output of +20 dBm, what is its output power in
mW?
100 mw
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
The purpose of mid-point cable pulling is to:
increase the rate at which the cable can be paid out.
reduce the pulling tension during installation
.
utilize fewer workers.
better support the cable between utility poles.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
An intermittent beat on channel 30 shows up for short periods of time (anywhere from 30 seconds to several minutes) and then won't be seen for hours. How can it be determined, using a spectrum analyzer, whether or not the beat exists at the output of the optical node feeding the area if the beat is not occurring at the time of
testing?
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The spectrum analyzer must have zero span capability and a long persistence phosphor screen. You could tune to channel 30 with a span of about 10 MHz and leave the analyzer on with peak hold activated and the display intensity turned down.
You should tune to channel 30 with a span of about 10 MHz and leave the analyzer on using a gated trigger and the display intensity turned
down.
You should display the entire forward bandwidth (l.e., 54 to 860 MHz) and leave the spectrum analyzer on to capture any disturbance anywhere
In the spectrum that may cause
interference.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
An APC connector is used when:
reflections are a concern.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Interferometric Intensity Noise is caused by:
double Rayleigh backscatter.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
The longer the length of an optical fiber, the greater the noise contribution associated with: interferometric intensity noise.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
The fundamental building block for a SONET network is: https://www.gta.ufrj.br/seminarios/semin2004_1/sonet/files/sonet.pdf
OC-3.
STS-l.
Correct:
DS-1.
OC-48.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
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Attenuation is commonly displayed on an optical time domain reflectometer in units of:
dB/km.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
What does the optical return loss represent?
The amount of reflection in a system
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
If the minimum input to an optical receiver is specified as 1 mW and the transmitter output is specified at 10 mW, what is the maximum loss
allowed between the transmitter and receiver?
10 dB
9.5 dB 9 dB
8.5 dB
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
What is necessary to transmit two different light wavelengths on the same fiber?
A wavelength division multiplexer and demultiplexer and two separate sets of optical transmitters and receivers.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
In the FTTN portion of a network, what are the common potential causes
of signal interruptions?
Loss of AC power, splice failure, node module failure, and loss of DC power
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
CHECK
Relative W is generally expressed in terms of:
noise power per 1 Hz bandwidth.
noise power per 4 Hz bandwidth.
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noise power per 6 MHz bandwidth.
noise power per 10 MHz bandwidth.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
CHECK
Approximately how much greater is the output capability of a power double IC than that of one of the push pull devices used to make it?
2.5 to 3 dB 5 to 6 d8 It's the same, but the power consumption is less.
It's the same, but the power consumption is more.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
CHECK
Troubleshooting an outage in the forward system leads you to a fiber optic node. A quick check shows that there is no RF output. Which of the following would be the
most logical next step?
Check the tap port of the tap attached to the node Check the optical input DC voltage —
Check the output hardline connector
Check the RF input of the first amplifier downstream
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Which of the following is NOT true? CHECK
A SONET ring provides route redundancy
CWDM operates at a longer wavelength than DWDM
The 1550nm window provides the best fiber loss characteristics
An optical signal can be reamplified more than once
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
What is the main distinction between a headend and a primary hub? A primary hub does NOT have a tower site adjacent to it.
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A primary hub receives the majority of video program content via a fiber based digital transport system.
A primary hub receives the majority of video program content via TVRO antennae that are colocated on the facilities' property.
A primary hub is always located in a remote region of the system and is NOT zoned for continuous occupancy.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
At the output of a WDM multiplexer, the power difference (ratio) between an undesired wavelength and the desired wavelength is called: page 332
isolation.
directivity.
insertion loss.
coupling ratio.
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a DOCSIS based FTTH architecture?
Existing CMTS in headend can be reused
Low initial cost compared to GPON
Network data rates equal to GPON network
Outside plant architecture can migrate to GPON in future
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
BTS EXAM QUESTIONS
==================================================================
An APC connector is used when: connector noise is not a consideration.
mating to an UPC connector.
reflections are a concern.
an MT style connector is unavailable.
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According to the NESC, the minimum clearance at the pole between an aerial fiber optic cable and a power company's secondary line is: 40 inches.
An optical time domain reflectometer measures _________ in optical networks. K-2
dispersion and delay
delay and optical modulation index
distance and loss
velocity of propagation and dispersion
--------------------------
The length of the launch cable used at the output of an optical time domain reflectometer is dependant upon which of the following?
Length of fiber being tested and the wavelength being used.
Wavelength being used and the VoP of the fiber.
The wavelength being used and the pulse width.
The pulse width and the VoP of the fiber.
What are the typical losses on each leg of a 60/40 coupler?
6.0dB and 4.0dB
0.6dB and 0.4dB
4.7dB and 2.7dB
Ask if correct
3.0dB and 2.0dB
When clipping occurs, _________ is produced.
intermodulation distortion
noise
hum
common path distortion
connections of remote antenna sites to headends.
Which of the following is true regarding the causes of microbending?
Fiber is being pinched inside a buffer tube
Bending of the completed fiber when pulling cable into conduits
Optical power is lost in the cladding
Irregularities in the interface between the core and cladding
– SLIDE 91
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Approximately how much greater is the output capability of a power double IC than that of one of the push pull devices used to make it?
2.5 to 3 dB
5 to 6 dB
It's the same, but the power consumption is less
. CHECK
It's the same, but the power consumption is more.
What is necessary to transmit two different light wavelengths on the same fiber?
A wavelength division multiplexer and de-multiplexer and a time division multiplexer and de-multiplexer.
Two separate sets of optical transmitters and receivers and a time division multiplexer and de-multiplexer.
A wavelength division multiplexer and de-multiplexer and two separate sets of optical transmitters and
receivers.
CHECK
One single transmitter, one single receiver and two optical couplers.
An optical time domain reflectometer uses __________ to characterize fibers, find faults and optimize fibers.
Backscatter
Which of the following can be transmitted over a DWDM optical network?
Over 16 channels
The purpose for a dehydrator is to:
remove moisture from the waveguide.
If a million bits are transmitted and 2 of them are in error, what is the BER?
2 x 10-6
An APC connector is used when:
reflections are a concern.
Generally, when preparing for splicing during restoration, each fiber cut is unique regarding how far the cable should be cut back from the damaged area. What typical length ensures there are no stressed fiber breaks at points close to the break location?
Six inches
Two to 5 feet
Ten to 20 feet
Fifty feet
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Which of the following is NOT a good practice to follow when investigating an outage due to a cut fiber cable?
Record license plate numbers of all vehicles on site
Explain to those on site that you are taking notes to help determine who is at fault
Task an employee uninvolved in the incident or restoration process with conducting an incident report
Document the damage to the cable plant
Which of the following should be accounted for when determining a link
budget?
RF input to transmitter
Optical modulation index
Channel loading
Optical connectors
In a DWDM system, this measurement indicates the level of unwanted signal (from other channels + noise) in the passband of the channel under test. What is it?
Crosstalk
What bit error rate is usually specified for digital transmission links?
10^-9
What is a characteristic of single mode fiber?
It has a 125 micron core.
Light will only travel along the axis of the fiber.
The cladding has a higher refractive index than the core.
Modal dispersion increases in proportion to the length of the link.
----------------------------------------------
What is a characteristic of single mode fiber? It has a 125 micron core.
Light will only travel along the axis of the fiber.
The cladding has a higher refractive index than the core.
Modal dispersion increases in proportion to the length of the link.
To ensure there is sufficient signal at the input to a spectrum analyzer to make an accurate carrier-to-noise test on the RF output of
an optical node, the input to the spectrum analyzer should be disconnected. If there is sufficient signal, the noise floor should:
Decrease by about 3 dB.
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Decrease by at least 10 dB.
Increase by about 3 dB.
Not change more than 0.5 dB.
Wireless Broadband is ideally suited for:
Local distribution service.
Links where line-of-sight is not possible.
Microwave broadcast in place of VHF and UHF TV broadcast.
Coast-to-coast carriage.
The back-pull method of installing aerial fiber optic cables involves setting up a reel of cable:
on the back of a truck and paying the cable out as the vehicle moves along.
beneath the strand and pulling the free end along supporting it with a series of rollers spaced at approximately equal intervals.
beneath the strand and pulling the free end along, supporting it with
a series of J-hooks.
on the back of a truck and paying the cable out as the vehicle moves along supporting the cable with a series of J-hooks.
Which of the following does NOT apply to an RFoG network?
Up to 32 homes can be fed on a single fiber
Set-top box can be eliminated
Existing coaxial wiring in the home can be used
A Network Interface Unit is required at the home
--
Which of the following should be accounted for when determining a link
budget?
RF input to transmitter
Optical modulation index
Channel loading
Optical connectors
Which of the following is a typical RF analog input to an optical transmitter?
0 dBmV
-5 dBmV
+15 dBmV
+45 dBmV
An intermittent beat on channel 30 shows up for short periods of time (anywhere from 30 seconds to several minutes) and then won't be seen for hours. How can it be determined, using a spectrum analyzer,
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whether or not the beat exists at the output of the optical node feeding the area if the beat is not occurring at the time of testing?
The spectrum analyzer must have zero span capability and a long persistence phosphor screen.
You could tune to channel 30 with a span of about 10 MHz and leave the analyzer on with peak hold activated and the display intensity turned down.
You should tune to channel 30 with a span of about 10 MHz and leave the analyzer on using a gated trigger and the display intensity turned
down.
You should display the entire forward bandwidth (i.e., 54 to 860 MHz)
and leave the spectrum analyzer on to capture any disturbance anywhere
in the spectrum that may cause interference.
Which of the following is NOT true?
A SONET ring provides route redundancy
CWDM operates at a longer wavelength than DWDM
The 1550nm window provides the best fiber loss characteristics
An optical signal can be reamplified more than once
Which of the following statements regarding a restoration link is NOT true?
Link ends should be prepared on site to ensure the lowest fiber loss.
Link cable should match the fiber network's cable.
Link ends should be prepared with all fibers in splice trays inside closures.
Link must contain enough fibers to restore the largest cable in the network.
When splicing fiber tails:
insure that there is sufficient length to reach the splicer.
An optical time domain reflectometer measures _________ in optical networks.
dispersion and delay
delay and optical modulation index
distance and loss
velocity of propagation and dispersion
One use of microwave is to provide:
over-the-horizon links.
connections of remote antenna sites to headends.
provide better signal quality vs. fiber.
provide an increase number of channels compared with fiber.
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The purpose for a dehydrator is to:
remove moisture from the waveguide.
Splices and connectors on the display of an optical time domain reflectometer are commonly called:
anomalies.
dispersions.
events.
situations.
An APC connector is used when:
connector noise is not a consideration.
mating to an UPC connector.
reflections are a concern.
an MT style connector is unavailable.
What bit error rate is usually specified for digital transmission links?
100
10-1
10-3
10-9
All of the following are considerations in vault placement EXCEPT:
the water table.
accessibility.
proper sizing for radius bends.
the fiber count.
The optical power measured in a fiber optic link is generally expressed in terms of mW or:
dBmV.
dBW.
dBm.
dBµW.
When clipping occurs, _________ is produced.
intermodulation distortion
noise
hum
common path distortion
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The hazardous biological effects of lasers having a CW output power between 5 and 500 mW include all of the following, EXCEPT:KEY!
cataract.
retinal burns.
corneal abrasions.
skin burns.
Regarding specifications for a spectrum analyzer, what does the term "dynamic range" refer to?
The maximum difference in amplitude between two frequencies that can be measured.
Which of the following is NOT a consideration when determining an optical loss budget? Check
Optical design wavelength
Optical connectors
Physical routing of fiber
Analog channel loading
-----------------------------------------------
BTS01 1. How is a LASER's ray of light produced? Stimulated emissions
2. The forward path of a hybrid fiber coax uses this type of RF multiplexing.
(Provide acronym only)
FDMA
3. Light traveling from a more dense medium to a less dense medium is like traveling from a slow medium to a fast medium; such that a light ray will ___.
bend away from the normal
4. The number of channels supported by DWDM. 32+
5. The number of optical channels available using DWDM increases as technology can shrink down the amount of guard band necessary between each optical channel. Which of the following are examples of optical channel spacing? (Choose all that apply)
50 GHz,100 GHz, 200 GHz, 25 GHz, 12.5 GHz
6. What is the phenomenon that occurs when a ray of light bends
from passing from one medium to another medium? Refraction
7. The bandwidth (Mbps) of an OC-192 / STM-64. 9953.28
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8. What is the name for a communications network in which information is transmitted entirely in the form of optical signals? photonics
9. What causes most fiber optic attenuation and absorption?
impurities in the glass
10. What type of light rays travel a more direct path and arrive
sooner?
A light ray with a shallow angle
11. Which of the following in an example of what limits the bandwidth of multi-mode fiber (MMF) optics? modal dispersion
12. How many miles does 1 kilometer equal? 0.62
13. A nanometer is 10 raised to the power of ___. -9
14. What is the wavelength an erbium-doped optical-fiber amplifier (EDFA) typically operates? 1490 nm
15. What is the name of the type of architecture (or topology) used by SONet or 10 gigabit Ethernet (10gigE) networks? ring
16. The greater the density difference between two materials, the more a ray of light will ___. Bend & refract
17. 1550 nm fiber optics has a higher frequency (in THz) than 1310 nm fiber optics. False
18. Who is the standards body that defines the wavelengths for wave division multiplexing (WDM)? International Telecommunication Union
19. What is the name of the phenomenon when both refraction and reflection combine and all light is reflected (change direction)? total internal reflection
20. A transparent material along which cable operators can transmit light in the access network is called:
fiber optic
21. Optic fiber is normally made from: glass or plastic
22. What is the term that describes multiple wavelengths of light on a single fiber optic? wave division multiplexing
23. What is the capacity supported by an STS-1 or STM-0? 51.84 Mbps
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24. What does LASER stand for?
a. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
I'm Done Reviewing Answers ------------------------------------------------------
BTS02
1. Which of the following are primary transmission parameters for single mode fiber (SMF)? Attenuation, chromatic dispersion
2. OMI is the change in LASER input power associated with a change in the LASER's output drive level and RF input power. False
3. In what form does a fiber optic system transmit information to match the strength of the electrical signal level by using these varying intensities? Analog
4. When the intensity of the optical light matches the strength of the electrical signal level by using these varying intensities? amplitude
5. What is the typical source of post amplifier noise in a LASER transmitter? PIN Photodiode
6. What is the cladding size for 9 mm, 50 mm and 62.5 mm core fiber? 125
7. A fiber-based digital transport system such as SONET/SDH allows a primary hub to receive video program transport streams using a video router. True
8. What cable operator equipment recovers a digital bit stream and then uses the bit stream to re-modulate an optical light source? optical node
9. RIN is expressed as noise power per ___ of bandwidth. 1 Hz
10. Which fiber construction method offers the least expensive option for deploying optics? Plastic Fibers
11. What is the metric that expresses the light gathering ability of a fiber?
Numerical Aperture
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12. Many optical nodes have a DC test point for testing and measuring a certain DC voltage called received optical power. True
13. What is another term for Lambda? wavelength
14. Wavelengths above 750 nm
are not visible (after red light).
15. What is the name for the semiconductor that changes optical light into a corresponding electrical signal? p-i-n photodiode, diode, O-E converter, photodetector,
16. Random variations in the LASER output amplitude is caused by:
relative intensity noise
17. A peak power LASER wavelength at 1000nm with a spectral bandwidth of ___ nm will have an output ranging from 980 to 1020nm. 40
18. Select two advantages of single mode fiber. lower attenuation, more bandwidth
19. To replicate the amplitude variations of electrical signals such as RF, an optical signal must vary the intensity
of the LASER.
20. What simply carries the light from point to point in an optical
network?
an optical waveguide
21. When the diameter of the fiber optic light at the output end
of the fiber is slightly wider than the fiber's core. Mode Field Diameter
22. Manufacturers provide a DC test point, corresponding to the amount of AC power, for testing and measuring of the receiver or transmitter. True
23. What type of return path conversion is done at the optical node? digital to analog
24. The typical RF analog input to an optical transmitter in dBmV. 15
25. In terms of single mode fiber optics, what does 8/125 mean? 8 micron core with 125 micron cladding
26. In a fiber optic link, most of the distortions are generated by
the LASER photodiode. True
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27. What type of fiber cable allows only one path for the light to travel down the fiber? Single Mode
28. The photodetector's noise figure is the number one cause of Interferometric Intensity Noise (IIN). True
29. In single mode fiber, light will NOT travel along the axis of the fiber. False
30. A spreading or "smearing" of the light signal: dispersion
31. A change in the mode field diameter (MFD) results in a change in:
signal velocity
32. How many modes of light are supported on a typical single mode fiber? 1
33. Which term describes the statistical deviation of the actual number of arriving photons from the average number of photons at the receiver? shot noise
34. A strand of glass is also known as: optical fiber
35. What part of the fiber is the light supposed to travel in? core
36. Which of the following is true regarding a fiber's mode field diameter? the difference in MFD between two fibers being spliced that can create a phenomena known as a "gainer" , MFD is a function of source wavelength, fiber core radius, and fiber refractive index profile
37. Compensation is required to deal with different modes of light arriving at the end of a fiber at different rates. What is the name of this issue with fiber?
dispersion
38. What are the advantages of using optical fiber over conventional metallic cables as a transmission medium? (Choose 4)
lighter / smaller , more information can be carried (greater bandwidth), not affected by EMI or RFI, better noise characteristics than RF links
39. Indicates the path that a ray of light can travel in an optical
fiber. Angle
40. What is the name of the angle of light that is allowed in the core of the optical fiber? cone of acceptance
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41. Does an optical link contribute to noise and distortions to the
customer premises? yes
42. Light passing from ___ IOR to ___ is bent towards normal. lower, higher
43. Why does the direction of a ray light change when it passes from air into glass? the ray of light is refracted
44. What is the wavelength (nm) typically used for single mode transmission in today's fiber optic networks? 1550
45. What is it called when a LASER or LED will emit a small range of wavelengths?
spectral bandwidth
46. What fiber optic material property causes light to travel slower? density
47. What is the electrical noise that naturally occurs on an optical circuit?
dark current
49. What is a nominal core diameter of single mode fiber? 8 microns
50. What happens to the wavelength when the frequency gets higher? It gets shorter
51. What is the wavelength cutoff point from below 1300 nm? 1200 to 1250 nm
52. What is the term for a light ray bouncing off glass? reflection
53. Fiber dehydrators are used to: remove water form waveguide or core
54. Match the three C's of fiber with the corresponding number. Core, Cladding, Coating
----------------------------------------------------
BTS03
1. Which are intrinsic factors of fiber optic cable? concentricity error, mode field diameter, core to clad offset
2.What are irregularities in the interface between the core and cladding called? microbends
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3. Fiber clad to core offset shall not greater than .05
___ micrometers (um) as per manufacture specifications.
4. Dispersion shifted fiber or zero dispersion fiber such as graded
index or step index was created to reduce dispersion and attenuation.
5. What is the cause of high attenuation at 1310 and 1550 nm? trapped oxy-hydrogen or hydroxyl ions in the core
6. Losses due to microbending are included in manufacturer's performance specifications. True
7. What is the approximate loss per km for 850 multimode fiber? 2.0 dB/km
8. Bending of the fiber when pulling into conduits is called microbending. False
9. What is the degree of circularity deviation called? core ovality
10. Typical single mode fiber core size for the use of 1310nm to 1550nm. 5 to 10 microns
11. A microbend is a bend or loop in a fiber with a radius curvature of less than one micron TRUE
12. What is generated in all optical fiber by distributed back reflection mainly due to Rayleigh scattering? Interferometric Intensity Noise
13. What is a generation of a backward propagating stokes waves or acoustic waves affecting high powered LASERs and amplifiers called? Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
14. What limits the maximum optical power which can be sent down
a fiber at 1550nm? Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
15. A single-mode fiber supports TWO
___ orthogonal polarizations of
light, known as the principal states of polarization.
16. Number one cause of dispersion in single mode fiber-optic systems, where different colors of light travel at different speeds through the same material.
Chromatic
17. What is the loss per km for 1310 single mode fiber used in cable operator HFC networks? .35dB/km
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18. Optical energy travels at different velocities in the core and cladding, one polarity of light will encounter a slightly higher index
of refraction than the other polarity of light. Wavelength
19. Microbending occurs when conditions for total internal reflection are no longer met in the optical fiber. TRUE
20. A nickel size macrobend may leak out _
.5
__ dB of light @ 1310nm.
21. What scattering occurs when an acoustic wave travels through the glass fiber degrading signal to noise (S/N) ratio and limiting optical power into a fiber?
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
22. Double Rayleigh backscatter improves the optical link's noise performance
False
23. What is the rate of dispersion change with respect to the wavelength at zero dispersion? Slope
24. What is the name of the problem that appears only in very high bandwidth (not an issue until 10Gbps) single mode fiber optic systems?
polarization mode
25. The longer the length of an optical fiber, the greater the noise contribution from interferometric intensity noise (IIN). True
26. Microbending or macrobending induced loss is related to what intrinsic factor?
Mode field diameter
27. Number one cause of dispersion in multimode fiber-optic systems, allows light to break up into many different paths and smear.
modal
28. A narrow ray of light is transmitted through a non-zero-
dispersion multimode fiber. If the ray of light is detected by an optical receiver, what will be the result to the output pulse? Longer
29. Interferometric Intensity Noise (IIN) is caused by:
Double Rayleigh Scattering
30. Backward scattered light is rescattered in the forward direction and combines with normally transmitted light causing interferometric intensity noise (IIN).
Double Rayleigh Scattering
----------------
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