Bee lab- individual work

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North Carolina State University *

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181

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Electrical Engineering

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Feb 20, 2024

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In the space below, write your: Name Lab/Section Partner's Name (if applicable Date (of lab meeting) Paige Solomon 002D Parker Smith, Blake Hancock, Sam Foresman 10/26/23 Morphological Data 1. On your graph, is there overlap between the curves of the African and European bees? There was no noticeable overlap between the samples of bee wings from African and European bees. The shorter wings almost always belonged to the African bees and the longer wings almost always belonged to the European bees. End of Unit Questions

2. Does the distribution of the unknown bees fall completely within that of the African or European bees? If not, how confident can you be that the unknown bees are from an hybridized hive? The unknown bee data typically fell between the African and European wing length but there was slightly more overlap between European wing length and African wing length. Some of the hybrid wings fell on the lower end of the European wing length. Since the African bee genes are dominant there is a relative certainty that one could tell if a bee was a hybrid or not due to the differences within wing morphology. Data from hybrid bees would overlap with African bees more than European bees due to the dominant traits being expressed. 3. Hybridized bees are usually smaller than European bees, but European bees in an area under climatic stress may be smaller than other European bees from another area. If this test is not 100% conclusive, why use it at all? Morphology of bees may not be entirely conclusive but it can be used in tandem with DNA analysis to give a more reputable answer. Morphological data can’t stand on its own with certainty but can be used to reinforce DNA analysis. DNA Analyses 4. Using DNA analyses, could you identify your unidentified bees as Hybridized or European bees?

yes a. What were your results? The unknown bees were all determined to have mitochondrial DNA matching that of a European bee. The mitochondrial DNA from the unknown mothers’ was that of a European bee 5. How do your electrophoretic results compare to the morphological data you graphed? The unknown mitochondrial data matched the morphological data relatively well because the unknown bee wing length fell into the lower range of European wing size which correlates with the conclusion that the unknown bees were European.

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Figure 5-5. Electrophoretic gel from a North Carolina hive (reproduced with permission from Tarpy, 2007). 6. Figure 5-5 above is a gel resulting from a recent survey of suspected hybridized hives in North Carolina. What do the results indicate? How can you tell? The results indicate that all of the unknown bees have European genes. The two bars in the gel are indicative of European mitchondrial DNA while having only one bar in the gel is indicative of African DNA.

7. Why not simply conduct the molecular testing on a sample of workers and do away with the morphological examination? (Consider economics and male contribution to possible behavior). Would knowing that the African bee behavior is dominant in hybrids make the morphological test more or less valuable as a diagnostic tool? Defend your answer. Morphological tests are less certain than tests involving molecular testing. There is often a need for a larger sample size to get accurate results if only the wing size is measured. It does have the advantage of needing far less expensive technology to gather data and is more easily accessible to do so it still has its purpose in identifying bees. The fact that African bee behavior is dominant is helpful as a determining factor because it can be used in morphological testing. Although it can be a useful determiner it doesn’t make molecular testing redundant because bee behavior can be affected by a wide array of factors. Applying Your Knowledge 8. There is reason to suspect that several factors favor the spread of hybridized traits. Discuss how each of the following scenarios could affect the behavior of the hive and what would be the probable result of the subsequent morphological and DNA analyses. N/A a. Many female insects store sperm from matings in an organ known as a spermatheca. Female bees tend to preferentially use stored sperm from hybridized drones when mated to both hybridizedand European drones.

It could cause a behavior shift in the hive towards more aggressive behavior if some of the eggs being hatched are those with hybrid traits. If a European queen bee is using hybrid bee sperm then a quarter of the offspring will possess the dominant African genes. b. Hybridized queens develop faster and are more likely to become queens should a hive lose its queen. Generally, the first queen to develop in this situation stings her sisters to death before they emerge from their puparia. Any sister queens emerging at the same time fight to the death for possession of the hive. The Hybridizedqueens win more of these fights, killing any newly emerged European queens. Having a hybridized queen will affect the gene pool of the entire population as she is the sole producer of offspring within the hive. A portion of her offspring will possess the hybrid trait due to its dominance. The queen will need to be removed from the hive and replaced with a European queen in order to protect the hive from further hybridization. 9. A beekeeper suspects that his hive has been hybridized due to increased defensiveness and other behavior by worker bees. He submits a large-sized sample. The morphological data indicate more overlap with African bee characteristics than with European bee reference populations. However, DNA analysis of mitochondria yields no evidence of hybridization. How would you advise him? Mitochondrial DNA is a far more accurate test to see if there is hybridization amongst the hive than purely going off of morphological data. Morphological data can vary a lot more in bees due to a variety of environmental factors so it should not be the basis for determining hybridization in bees. The beekeeper should not take any drastic action but should continue to monitor the hive for any evidence that there is an increase of African or hybridized bees.

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