Lab 4 - Rectifier Circuits

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ELEE 3101 Electronics I Lab Lab 4: Rectifier Circuits Page 1 of 7 Lab 4: Rectifier Circuits Student name: ________________________________ Student ID: ____________ I. Introduction Once that you have been introduced to diodes, it is time to learn about its applications. A diode rectifier forms an essential building block of the dc power supplies required to power electronic equipment. On this lab, you will use diodes to build different rectifier circuits, compare their operation modes and determine the best to be implemented. II. Objectives • Identify the different rectification circuits. • Analyze the different waveforms at the output of each rectifier circuit. • Describe the operation of each rectifier circuit. III. Equipment Required • Digital Multimeter • Dual-Trace Oscilloscope • Function Generator • Breadboard • Miscellaneous cables IV. Material Required • 4 Conventional Diode 1N4007 (Rectifier diode) • Resistors of different values • Jumper wires

ELEE 3101 Electronics I Lab Lab 4: Rectifier Circuits Page 2 of 7 V. Before the Lab As you may know, all electronic devices and equipment operate with a dc voltage ( “ electronic ” not “ electric ” , remember that is not the same), some of them uses batteries to work, but there are some others that requires to be connected to a power outlet in the wall, so that they can work, or that they can recharge their internal battery, however, you may remember the voltage that we obtain from the outlets at home, school, or work, is a ac voltage, so it is necessary to perform a conversion from ac to dc, and there is where a diode rectifier is implemented (Figure 1). The first block in a dc power supply is the power transformer, it reduces the amount of voltage on the input to the value required to yield the particular dc voltage output of the supply, it also provides electrical isolation from the electronic equipment and the power- line circuit. The diode rectifier converts the input sinusoid 𝑣 𝑆 to a unipolar output, which will have a pulsating waveform. Although this waveform has a nonzero average or a dc component, its pulsating nature makes it unsuitable as a dc source for electronic circuits, hence the need for a filter. The variations in the magnitude of the rectifier output are considerably reduced by the filter block. Depending on the application, three different rectifier circuits can be constructed. Figure 1.- Block diagram of a dc power supply. 5.1 The Half-Wave Rectifier The half-wave rectifier utilizes alternate half-cycles of the input sinusoid. Figure 2(a) shows the circuit of a half-wave rectifier. Using the more realistic constant-voltage-drop diode model, we obtain 𝑣 𝑜 = 0, 𝑣 𝑆 < 𝑉 𝐷 𝑣 𝑜 = 𝑣 𝑠 − 𝑉 𝐷 , 𝑣 𝑆 ≥ 𝑉 𝐷

ELEE 3101 Electronics I Lab Lab 4: Rectifier Circuits Page 3 of 7 The transfer characteristic represented by these equations is sketched in Fig. 2(b), where 𝑉 𝐷 = 0.7 V or 0.8 V . Figure 2(c) shows the output voltage obtained when the input 𝑣 𝑆 is a sinusoid. Figure 2.- a) Half-Wave rectifier schematic. b) Transfer characteristic of the rectifier circuit. c) Input and output waveforms. 5.2 The Full-Wave Rectifier The full-wave rectifier utilizes both halves of the input sinusoid. To provide a unipolar output, it inverts the negative halves of the sine wave. One possible implementation is shown in Fig. 3(a). Here the transformer secondary winding is center-tapped to provide two equal voltages 𝑣 𝑆 across the two halves of the secondary winding with the polarities indicated. Note that when the input line voltage (feeding the primary) is positive, both of the signals labeled 𝑣 𝑆 will be positive. In this case 𝐷 1 will conduct and 𝐷 2 will be reverse biased. The current through 𝐷 1 will flow through 𝑅 and back to the center tap of the secondary. Now, during the negative half-cycle of the ac line voltage, both of the voltages labeled 𝑣 𝑆 will be negative. Thus 𝐷 1 will be cut off while 𝐷 2 will conduct. The current conducted by 𝐷 2 will flow through 𝑅 and back to the center tap. The important point, however, is that the current through 𝑅 always flows in the same direction, and thus 𝑣 𝑂 will be unipolar, as indicated in Fig. 3(c).

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ELEE 3101 Electronics I Lab Lab 4: Rectifier Circuits Page 4 of 7 Figure 3.- Full-wave rectifier utilizing a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding: (a) circuit; (b) transfer characteristic assuming a constant-voltage-drop model for the diodes; (c) input and output waveforms. 5.3 The Bridge Rectifier An alternative implementation of the full-wave rectifier is shown in Fig. 4(a). This circuit, known as the bridge rectifier because of the similarity of its configuration to that of the Wheatstone bridge, does not require a center-tapped transformer, a distinct advantage over the full-wave rectifier. The bridge rectifier, however, requires four diodes as compared to two in the previous circuit. The bridge-rectifier circuit operates as follows: During the positive half-cycles of the input voltage, 𝑣 𝑆 is positive, and thus current is conducted through diode 𝐷 1 , resistor 𝑅 , and diode 𝐷 2 . Meanwhile, diodes 𝐷 3 and 𝐷 4 will be reverse biased. Observe that there are two diodes in series in the conduction path, and thus 𝑣 𝑂 will be lower than 𝑣 𝑆 by two diode drops (compared to one drop in the circuit previously discussed). This is somewhat of a disadvantage of the bridge rectifier. Next, consider the situation during the negative half-cycles of the input voltage. The secondary voltage 𝑣 𝑆 will be negative, and thus −𝑣 𝑆 will be positive, forcing current through 𝐷 3 , 𝑅 , and 𝐷 4 . Meanwhile, diodes 𝐷 1 and 𝐷 2 will be reverse biased. The important

ELEE 3101 Electronics I Lab Lab 4: Rectifier Circuits Page 5 of 7 point to note, though, is that during both half-cycles, current flows through 𝑅 in the same direction (from right to left), and thus 𝑣 𝑂 will always be positive, as indicated in Fig. 4(b). Figure 4.- The bridge rectifier: (a) circuit; (b) input and output waveforms. VI. In the Lab To verify all theoretical operation for the three different rectifier circuits, it is time to build each of them and start analyzing their characteristics. 6.1 The Half-Wave Rectifier Figure 5.- Half-Wave rectifier schematic 1. Build a half-wave rectifier circuit, like the one shown in Figure 5, use a diode 1N4007 and a 10 kΩ resistor (Remember that you need to measure the real value of the resistor for any required calculation).

ELEE 3101 Electronics I Lab Lab 4: Rectifier Circuits Page 6 of 7 2. Setup your function generator to deliver 10 V pk−pk in a frequency of 1 kHz , with no dc offset. 3. Supply the rectifier circuit with the voltage delivered by the function generator. 4. With the multimeter measure the rms voltages of the input and the output of the circuit. 𝑣 𝑆 = 𝑣 𝑂 = 5. Use the two channels of the oscilloscope to analyze the input and the output of the rectifier circuit, connecting Channel 1 in parallel to the function generator, and Channel 2 in parallel to the resistor. Analyze the waveforms and answer the following questions: a) Does the input and the output waves have the same amplitude? Why? b) What is the time difference between the input and output waves? c) Why it takes more time to the output signal to start increasing from zero to the amplitude value? 6. Obtain a screenshot of the oscilloscope and include it in your report. 6.2 The Bridge Rectifier Figure 6.- Full-Wave Bridge rectifier schematic. 1. Build a bridge rectifier circuit, like the one shown in Figure 7, use 4 diode 1N4007 and a 10 kΩ resistor (Remember that you need to measure the real value of the resistor for any required calculation).

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ELEE 3101 Electronics I Lab Lab 4: Rectifier Circuits Page 7 of 7 2. Setup your function generator to deliver 10 V pk−pk in a frequency of 1 kHz , with no dc offset. 3. Supply the rectifier circuit with the voltage delivered by the function generator. 4. With the multimeter measure the rms voltages of the input and the output of the circuit. 𝑣 𝑆 = 𝑣 𝑂 = 5. Use the two channels of the oscilloscope to analyze the input and the output of the rectifier circuit, connecting Channel 1 in parallel to the function generator, and Channel 2 in parallel to the resistor. Analyze the waveforms and answer the following questions: d) Does the input and the output waves have the same amplitude? Why? e) What is the time difference between the input and output waves? f) Why it takes more time to the output signal to start increasing from zero to the amplitude value? 6. Obtain a screenshot of the oscilloscope and include it in your report. VII. After the lab On PSpice or LTSpice, perform the simulation of the three different rectifiers, include in your report the simulation analysis and results (screenshots of schematics, plots and voltages and currents in the circuit.

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