Midterm Review IT 101

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New Jersey Institute Of Technology *

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101

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Electrical Engineering

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Feb 20, 2024

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docx

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True or False: Circuit Boards carry data as pulses of electrical current? True How many volts represents binary '0'? -2 volts How many volts represents binary '1'? +5 volts How do CDs and DVDs store data? As dark and light spots How do disk drives store data? As magnetized particles What is the word 'bit' derived from? Binary Digit Define Data Symbols that a computer uses to represent fact and ideas. When does data become information? Data becomes information once it is presented in a format that people can understand and use. Define data representation The form in which data is stored, processed, and transmitted Define Digital Data text, numbers, graphics, sound, and video that have been converted into discrete digits such as 0s and 1s. Examples: Youtube, LED clocks, etc Define analog data Data shown in a physical way and is represented using an infinite scale of values. (Like a clock on the wall, or a speedometer in a car, or a vinyl record). Define Digitization The conversion of text, pictures, or sound into a digital form that can be processed by a computer. What is a file? A named collection of data that exists on a storage medium, such as a hard disk, CD, DVD, or flash drive What is a file name extension? Part of a file name that indicates the file type such as .doc, .mp3, .jpg What does a file name extension indicate? The file format. Define Numeric Data Numbers that can be used in arithmetic What is an easy way to convert decimal to binary? Divide the decimal by 2 using floor division. Then put it together from top to bottom. Ex: 125 // 2 --- 1 62 // 2 --- 0 31 // 2 --- 1 15 // 2 --- 1 7 // 2 --- 1 3 // 2 --- 1 1 // 2 --- 1 0 // 2 --- 0 125 ============= 0111 1101 What is an easy way to convert decimal to hex? Divide the decimal by 16 using floor division.

Repeat with remaining whole numbers, leaving the remainder on the right. Put together top to bottom, making sure to translate numbers greater than 9 to their letter equivalent. Ex: 1258 // 16 ---> 10 = A (16 goes into 1258 78 times evenly with 10 remaining. 10 is A in hex. 78 // 16 ---> 14 = E (16 goes into 78 4 times evenly, with 14 remaining. 14 is E in hex) 4 // 16 ---> 4 (16 does not go into 4 evenly. 4 remains and stays the same) 1258 = 4EA What are hexadecimal numbers? 0-9, A-F. A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15. What is ASCII? American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Typically used to represent letter based on decimal/binary/hex/octal values How many characters does ASCII allow? 128 characters, including uppercase letters, lowercase letters, punctuation symbols, and numerals. How many characters does Extended ASCII allow? 256 - The additional Extended ASCII characters include boxes and other graphical symbols. Unicode A sixteen bits character representation and provides codes for 65,000 characters—a real bonus for representing the alphabets of multiple languages UTF-8 a variable-length coding scheme that uses seven bits for common ASCII characters, but uses 16-bit Unicode as necessary Define delimiter is a special character used to separate commands or formatting characters from the rest of the text in a file. Slashes // and angle brackets < > are commonly used delimiters. How many bits are in a byte? 8 What does a 'B' represent Byte Which is used in relation to speed: a) Bit b) Byte A) Bit. What does 'b' represent? bit How many bytes in a megabyte? 1,000,000 (one million bytes)

How many bytes in a gigabyte? 1,000,000,000 (one billion bytes) Define compression The process of encoding information using fewer bits When would you use lossless compression? Lossless compression is best used for things like text, spreadsheets, etc. where everything must be exact to remain the integrity of the data All outages are caused by: Change Data represents: People, events, places, ideas A DSL Modem converts __________ to _____________. Analog to digital. What are the three different types of area networks? LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network) This network type covers a large area such as a city or a suburb MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) This network type covers a very large geographical area. WAN (Wide Area Network) What is a device on a network called? A Node This network type connects smart devices and consumer electronics within a range of about 30 ft and without wires or cables: PAN (Personal Area Network) This network type is generally a close range for personal computers within a very limited geographical area such as a building, office, or home. LAN (Local Area Network) What is a parity bit? An extra bit appended to data used to check for errors in storage or transmission. What does a parity bit do? A parity bit is either an even(0) or odd (1) bit used to verify the integrity of the data being transmitted. What is even parity? If number of 1s is even, parity bit value is 0. If number of 1s is odd, parity bit value is 1. What is odd parity? If number of 1s is odd, parity bit value is 0. If number of 1s is even, parity bit value is 1. What is a bay in relation to a computer? A bay is the slot in a PC where you can install electrical equipment and components. How many bits are in a character? 8 bits How many bits are in a byte? 8 bits How many bytes are in a character? 1 byte. If a communication signal is in binary, it is said to be: Digital

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If installing a new printer, you may need to update the: driver. What are the three types of software? Application Software Development Software/tools System Software Give an example of application software: Application Software includes, but isn't limited to: - Google Chrome - Microsoft Word - Internet Explorer Give an example of development software or tools: Development Software includes, but isn't limited to: - C++ Programming languages - Python IDLE - Debugging tools - Scripting languages Which of the three main software categories would you need to update if updating your printer? System Software. Give an example of system software: System Software includes, but isn't limited to: - Operating Systems - CPU Monitors - Device Drivers Which is faster: A) Serial Processing B) Parallel Processing Parallel Processing What is serial processing? Processing data one instruction at a time, completing one instruction before beginning another. What is parallel processing? The simultaneous use of more than one processor to execute a program. What are the 7 layers of the OSI model? 1. Physical 2. Data Link 3. Network 4. Transport 5. Session 6. Presentation 7. Application What layers do IP & TCP belong to, respectively? Layers 3 (Network) & 4 (Transport) What does PDNTSPA stand for? Please do not throw sausage pizza away. This is a mnemonic to remember the 7 layers of the osi model from bottom to the top. (Physical, Data Link,

Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application) A router has two wires that carry data - One to your computer, one to the router. Which wire is digital? The wire connecting to your computer. Which layer of the OSI model does a router belong to? Layer 3, the Network Layer, which provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences from a source host on one network to a destination on another network. What type of memory chip is used to store permanent instructions? ROM - Read Only Memory What protocol is used to assign IP addresses? DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Computers in a classroom have: A) Dynamic IPs B) Static IPs A) Dynamic Five types of fixed internet access: Cable, DSL, ISDN(dialup), Fixed WiMax, Satellite, Fiber-to-the-home What is DTE? Data Terminal Equipment - equipment that is either a destination or source for digital data. Examples of DTE Computers, printers, application servers, file servers, routers and bridges, dumb terminals, phones What is DCE? Data Communications Equipment - Equipment that transmits or receives analogue or digital signals through a network, but is not the source or ultimate destination of the data. What are some examples of DCE? Modems, ISDN adapters, satellites, NICs What is a smart/intelligent terminal? Terminals with significant processing capabilities. What is a graphical terminal? A terminal that displays graphics in addition to text. What is a dumb terminal? Machines with little more than a keyboard, monitor, and network connection. Cannot process data. What is a network terminal? The point where data enters or leaves a network. HTML: List a few tags <body> defines the document's body </body> <head> defines information about the document. The "thinking" of the webpage occurs here.</head> <p> defines a paragraph </p> <ul> defines an unordered list (bullet points) </ul> <ol> defines an ordered list <ol> <a href> hyperlink </a> (<a

href="www.google.com'>Google</a> What are the main two types of memory on a computer? Primary & Secondary What can be stored as digital data? Text, images, characters, colors, sound, video, music, almost anything What is lossy compression? Lossy compression works by removing some of the data from the file. The data that is removed cannot be recovered. Lossy compression is used in file formats such as MP3, JPG and MPEG. Digital photographs can be uploaded to websites in JPG format and different levels of compression can be used. The more the image is compressed, the less detail will be visible. When would you use lossy compression? Images, mp3, videos, etc. What is a bitmap image? Image made of pixels How many bits are in a pixel? 24 What process does your computer take when booting up? Diagnostics > BIOS > Boots the OS up 1. Run diagnostics, make sure everything is good 2. Copy BIOS to main memory. 3. Boot OS and copy to main memory. Different types of computers based on size & functionality: Microcontroller Microcomputer Workstation Mainframe Supercomputer What is a microcontroller example? Raspberry pi, smart fridge, car, smart toaster What is a workstation example? Very powerful desktop computer What is a mainframe? a large, expensive, powerful server that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously. Takes up a room. What is a supercomputer? The fastest, most powerful computer and the most expensive. Might take up a whole ass building. How many bytes in a kilobyte? 1000 How many bytes in a megabyte? 1 million How many bytes in a terabyte? 1 trillion bytes Components of a URL Web Protocol (Http://) Web server name ( www.fakesite.com ) Directory/folder (/fakedirectory) file (letspassthistest.html) Put in order from slowest to fastest: Cable Model, Fios Modem, Dialup Modem, DSL Dialup Modem, DSL Modem, Cable Modem, Fios Modem

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Modem What is a microcomputer example? Smartphone, laptop, tablet Advantages of an Enterprise License? Many/unlimited number of seats available No need to actively track licenses You could save money Disadvantages of an Enterprise License? You might be paying too much Some people may be getting licenses that don't need them. What are some input devices? Keyboards Mouse (Any device where the actions on the device are ONLY reflected on the computer) What are some output devices? Speakers LCD Monitors (A device where the actions of the computer are output through the device ONLY) What are some devices that are both input and output? Touchscreen monitors Modems All in one printers (A device that gives instructions to a computer and also receives an output signal) Linux: what does cd do? cd changes directory Linux: what does ls do? (lower case L) see contents of directory Linux: What does Chmod do? Change Mode In Linux what does the "pwd" command do? Shows the current path you are in What is a fully connected network? All nodes directly connected to each other. -Expensive -The more connected you are, the higher the costs. Arrange in order of slowest to fastest: optical disk, cache, RAM, Hard Disk/SSD Optical Disk > Hard Disk/SSD > RAM > Cache When was HTML created? 1990 The <head> section of an HTML document contains: a) The Title b) The DOCTYPE declaration c) The <html> declaration d) All of the above. e) The Title tags. Doctype and html declarations occur outside of <head> Professional developers should avoid using _______ CSS Inline Linux: What does the command 'mkdir' do? Makes a directory.

Ex: mkdir Index >>> Makes a directory called Index Linux: what is the command to log off of a machine? logout Linux: How do you move from the working directory to the parent directory? cd .. Explain the process of uploading or editing your personal webpage on NJIT. - Log into your AFS account, double-click the folder "public_html". - After opening the folder, locate the index.html file. This file represents your homepage. You may edit this page with any webpage editor, providing you DO NOT change the filename (more info: https://ist.njit.edu/personal-webpages- on-afs ) What is the directory public_html (in relation to our personal web pages) Where we upload our html and supporting files Name four types of software: - Public Domain Software - Proprietary Software - Commercial Software - Freeware - Demoware Name four types of software licenses: - Site License - Single User License - Multiple User License - BSD License (like Linux) - GPL License What is Public Domain Software? Software which is not protected by copyright because the copyright has expired or the author has placed the program in the public domain, making it available without restriction What is proprietary software? Software that legally remains the intellectual property of a specific company - The source code is not freely available, and the software isn't free What is commercial software? Copyrighted computer applications sold to consumers for profit and readily available in stores or online. What is demoware? Proprietary software made available as a trial version. It is distributed for free and often comes preinstalled on new devices. What is freeware? Copyrighted software that—as you might expect— is available for free. It is fully functional and

requires no payment for its use What is a single-user license? Only a single user or device can use this software. What is a site license? Flat fee to install software product on all company computers or all computers at a specific site What is a multiple-user license? Priced per copy and allows the allocated number of copies to be used simultaneously What is a BSD license? the Berkeley Software Distribution license for a server operating system. Linux uses this What is GPL (General Public License) A license developed for a free operating system called GNU. It is slightly more restrictive than the BSD license because it requires derivative works to be licensed What is a computer terminal? A computer terminal is where data starts or stops.

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