Final Paper 21

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American Military University *

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Communications

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Apr 3, 2024

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Nike “Just Do It” 1 Mid-Term Project Nike “Just Do It” Macaela Perry Image Enhancement using Adobe Photoshop Dr. Chris Brown

Nike “Just Do It” 2 Table of Contents Title Page Body Reference Page

Nike “Just Do It” 3 Report on the Communication in the Criminal Justice Field 1. Program I am studying: Criminal Justice 2. I am using the Criminal Justice Research Guide, and these are some things I found in it.  Types of articles in the Criminal Justice field: Case Studies, research studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses  Databases I would use in this field: Military Database; National Criminal Justice Reference Service Abstracts Database; Criminal Justice Abstracts with Full Text  Books I would use in this field: Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice; Introduction to Criminal Justice; Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology  Visual Media Sites for Criminal Justice: PoliceOne Videos; Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy Video Library; National Institute of Justice Multimedia Page  Reference Websites that focus on Criminal Justice Discover Policing; the Crime Report, Police One  Organizations used by people in this field: Justice Policy Institute; National Gang Center; Parents of Murdered Children  Social media sites used by people in this field: Two Facebook pages are Law Enforcement Leadership & Morale Group; AMU & APU Criminal Justice Program

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Nike “Just Do It” 4 3. Here is a closer look at an organization within the Criminal Justice Field. Robert and Charlotte Hullinger, out of Ohio, founded Parents of Murdered Children, Inc in 1978 after their daughter was murdered by her former boyfriend. National Organization of Parents of Murdered Children (pomc.org) provides emotional support, education, and awareness to the parents and relatives of children that have had their lives taken by repeated acts of violence. POMC works hard towards a day when there is no more violence by peaceful protests allowing their voices to be heard. POMC’s vision statement is “to provide support and assistance to all survivors of homicide victims while working to create a world free of murder.” POMC has 42 years of history and counting. Throughout their website lots of information is posted including events, newsletters and resources. POMC will provide training to professionals in multiple fields, assist any survivor, and provide any individual assistance and support. The website offers links to resources that include multiple tips and information for professionals, doctors, nurses, and survivors to include legal issues. Primary audience for POMC would be loved ones of murdered children, and professionals in the Medical and Criminal Justice field. 5. Tips for communicating in the Criminal Justice Field. While using the research guide I noticed that communication in the Criminal Justice field is very important. People work with tangible items such as police reports, court cases etc., therefore it is important that the criminal justice community stays current. Investigations and reports need to be clear, concise, and understandable. Some examples of communication within this field are a dispatch officer with an individual that called 9-1-1, and then that communication between the dispatcher and police officer responding to the call. Professionals in this field need to stay alert

Nike “Just Do It” 5 and be able to switch ways of communication with others rapidly. Staying focused and being tactful is important when working with individuals from different backgrounds. Professionals within the criminal justice field face both challenging and rewarding scenarios when connecting with the community. There is not one size fits all when addressing others in the workplace. Remember your tone of voice, body language, and demeanor will set the tone. Use formal, appropriate terms, and ensure items are based on facts.

Nike “Just Do It” 6 Annotated Bibliography McGinty, E. E., Webster, D. W., & Barry, C. L. (2014). Gun Policy and Serious Mental Illness: Priorities for Future Research and Policy. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.) , 65 (1), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300141. https://ps-psychiatryonline- org.ezproxy2.apus.edu/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ps.201300141 The three authors of this article are correlated with the Department of Health Policy and Management (DHPM), and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore. There are 84 references listed, along with a plethora of inspiring information throughout this article that ensures the integrity and accuracy of the content. This work contains a lot of information that will ensure knowledge development of gun restriction policies for serious mental illness, and the effectiveness of those policies. This source will be helpful when determining the relationship between serious mental illness and violence and understanding the public’s attitude towards people with serious mental illness. The authors of this article analyze the relationship between serious mental illness and gun violence. They provide federal gun policies, along with proposed policies that could potentially create more restrictions to individuals with mental illness. The authors address a couple topics including the effectiveness of gun restrictions policies, how those policies will affect the public’s attitude towards individuals with serious mental illness, and treatment seeking of individuals with mental illnesses. McGinty et al. (2014) states, “Future research should prioritize study of how such gun restriction policies influence mental health treatment seeking” (p. 56). In conclusion, there are critical gaps around policies concerning serious mental illness that should be prioritized in the future.

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Nike “Just Do It” 7 Swanson, J. W., McGinty, E. E., Fazel, S., & Mays, V. M. (2015). Mental illness and reduction of gun violence and suicide: bringing epidemiologic research to policy. Annals of Epidemiology , 25 (5), 366–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.03.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.03.004 . https://www-sciencedirect- com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/science/article/pii/S1047279714001471?via%3Dihub All four authors of this article are associated with multiple schools of medicine and public health. This article contains an abundance of information concerning the risk of gun violence and how it relates to psychiatric disorders. There are 92 references used throughout this article, which gives the authors credibility for the accuracy and preciseness of the content. This source will be helpful with all the information and references included in it. The article also includes percentages and graphs that make the information inside very understandable. This resource provides accurate statistics that are helpful throughout research into the relationship between gun violence and serious mental illness. Swanson et al. (2015) confirms, “common risk factors for violence can be potentiated by major psychopathology that goes untreated” (p.369). The authors work covers different topics, including public perception of violence within mental illness, medical evidence on the relationship between mental illness and violence, federal policies to approach the restriction of gun violence involving a mentally ill individual, and many more. Although the authors are precise on the information given, it is obvious that more epidemiologic research is needed to obtain a solution within a range of potential policy approaches. The authors express concern in the gap of knowledge between gun violence and mental illness disorders.

Nike “Just Do It” 8 Relationships Between Gun Violence and Serious Mental Illness Most individuals wonder if gun violence is linked to serious mental illness. That question remains unanswered in the eyes of many. There is an abundance of research that has been conducted to link the two together. If a person was to be diagnosed or sought treatment for mental illness, they should not be allowed to possess a weapon. It’s simple math to some people, others would claim that it is not fair to the mentally ill population. Nearly two hundred mass shootings since 1900 were conducted by people either diagnosed or demonstrated strong signs of serious mental health (Philpott-Jones, 2018). The relationship between gun violence and serious mental health is a problem that affects many people in America, including mentally ill individuals, first responders, and the public. Researchers have shown there are multiple gaps in research that prove why this problem exists, including the fact that most individuals treated for mental illness is not documented and reported. This becomes a problem when a required background check before obtaining a weapon does not highlight a person’s illness. A study was done and concluded that “34.1% of people with lifetime mental disorders had access to gun, 4.8% carried a gun, and 6.2% stored a gun in an unsafe manner.” According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention more than half of all Americans will be diagnosed with a mental illness or disorder at some time in their life (Swanson et al., 2015). Gun laws and policies need to be deciphered and changed to prevent gun violence by a person with serious mental illness. Many people’s lives are at stake if the Nation is unable to help prevent this.

Nike “Just Do It” 9 Mass shootings, suicides, and safety concerns bring to light that a person with serious mental illness should not be allowed to possess a weapon. According to Philpott- Jones (2018), recent studies have found that the likelihood of committing violence is greater for people with a major mental disorder than for those without (p. 8). Gun laws need to be enforced, along with adding more in-depth investigation into an individual to catch if they have a mental illness. Current gun laws may only prevent gun violence from this population, due to the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution. Most gun restriction policies that concern serious mental illness prevent only the sale of guns from a licensed dealer, an individual can obtain a gun through a gift, or personal sale (McGinty et al., 2014). Not only do people with serious illness pose the threat for gun violence, but researchers also prove that suicide numbers are increased in people with mental disorders. The risk of suicide associated with mental disorders are in the range of 47%-74% (Swanson et al., 2015). It is hard to predict the risk of future violence from a person with serious mental illness to be able to prevent it. 2012’s mass shooting in Aurora, Colorado carried out by James Holmes was the deadliest since 1999’s Columbine shooting. Holmes open fired at the audience of the midnight showing of The Dark Knight Rises, killing 12 people and injuring at least 70 others. A month before the shooting, a University of Colorado psychiatrist that treated Holmes reported to the campus police that he could be a danger to the public and had threatened her. Holmes, who claimed no motive for the shooting and later pled not guilty by reason of insanity, was eventually charged with 166 counts of murder, attempted murder, and weapons charges. Research has been done to conclude that individuals with mental illnesses are more likely to engage in violence, yet most of them never do. According to Hodges & Scalora (2015 ), and the

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Nike “Just Do It” 10 findings of the Duke Mental Health Study, 16% of psychiatric inpatients had engaged in violence involving a weapon before being hospitalized and diagnosed with a mental disorder (p. 212). A three to one ratio compares the violence for people with mental illnesses to the general population. Researchers have proven just because a person with mental illness engaged in violence does not mean the mental illness was the underlying factor. The perpetrator may have committed the crime during a period in which they did not experience active symptoms (Hodges & Scalora, 2015). Multiple mass shootings reports have demonstrated that the perpetrator with mental health illness can acquire a firearm if the desire is present. Aurora shooter James Holmes purchased his materials from Bass Pro Shops, Virginia Tech shooter purchased his weapons through licensed dealers online, and the Sandy Hook Elementary shooter acquired his materials from his mom who legally owned all her weapons (Hodges & Scalora, 2015). The intent may be there to commit such a crime, but people with mental illnesses are far more likely to be a danger to themselves than to others. Most weapon confiscations by authorities were due to suicide threats, not acts of violence to another individual. The risk of violence by people with mental illness should not be exaggerated despite the attention drawn from workplace violence and school shootings. Minimizing access to firearms could stop someone from seeking mental health treatment. Many people buy firearms before showing signs of mental health, thus making it their responsibility to turn their weapon over to authorities. Researchers claim individuals target themselves with violence more than they would against others. The first step to potentially finding a solution to this problem is conducting more research. Figure out how states are implementing their gun laws, and then revise and edit them to protect people with serious mental illnesses and the public. Seeking mental health treatment should not

Nike “Just Do It” 11 punish someone who needs to get help. More in-depth investigation into an individual trying to obtain a weapon should be considered. Inpatient and outpatient mental health treatment should be reported to the FBI, regardless if they show threat to oneself, or others. If an individual possesses a weapon and has hobbies such as hunting, or skeet shooting and is later diagnosed with a mental illness a program should be available for them to turn over their weapon. In those cases, a monitored approach would be appropriate, such as that individual signing over their weapon to a family member and still being able to enjoy their hobbies under a “monitored” environment. Studies show a feasible solution will be hard to determine, but with the right individuals and research everyone should believe it can be accomplished. In conclusion, the severity of a person with serious mental illness to possess a weapon is very important. In past years it is obvious that serious mental illness plays a part in violence, whether it be homicide or suicide. It is hard to predict future violence, but it is to be known that gun policies need to be revised and reinforced to help prevent such future violence. There is an abundance of research linking serious mental illness to gun violence, and the United States population should analyze the research and watch for signs. People who want to seek mental health treatment should not let the fact that they might not be able to own a gun determine their decision. Individuals that need help should get help, the thought of not being able to own a weapon should not be the underlying factor.

Nike “Just Do It” 12 References Hodges, H. J., & Scalora, M. J. (2015). Challenging the political assumption that “guns don’t kill people, crazy people kill people!”. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 85 (3), 211–216. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000069 McGinty, E. E., Frattaroli, S., Appelbaum, P. S., Bonnie, R. J., Grilley, A., Horwitz, J., Swanson, J. W., & Webster, D. W. (2014). Using research evidence to reframe the policy debate around mental illness and guns: Process and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health , 104 (11). https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2014.302171 McGinty, E. E., Webster, D. W., & Barry, C. L. (2014). Gun policy and serious mental illness: Priorities for future research and policy. Psychiatric Services , 65 (1), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300141 Philpott-Jones, S. (2018). Mass shootings, mental illness, and gun control. Hastings Center Report , 48 (2), 7–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/hast.832 Swanson, J. W., McGinty, E. E., Fazel, S., & Mays, V. M. (2015). Mental illness and reduction of gun violence and suicide: Bringing Epidemiologic Research to policy. Annals of Epidemiology , 25 (5), 366–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.03.004

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