COM 110-830A Exam 2 Review
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Bianca Highsmith-Propst
COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
Attitude: A predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably to a person, an object, an idea, or an event.
audience analysis: The collection and interpretation of audience information obtained by observation, inference, research, or questionnaires.
Belief: A conviction; often thought to be more enduring than an attitude and less enduring than a value.
Brainstorming: A creative procedure for thinking of as many topics as you can in a limited time.
Commitment: A measure of how much time and effort you put into a cause; your passion and concern about the topic.
demographic analysis: The collection and interpretation of data about the characteristics of people.
direct inference: A tentative generalization based on deliberately gathered data.
immediate purpose: A statement of what you intend to accomplish in this particular presentation. Also, a highly specific statement using “should be able to” plus an action verb to reveal the purpose of a presentation from the audience's point of view.
indirect inference: A tentative generalization based on observation.
Inference: A tentative generalization based on some evidence.
long-range goal: The larger goal or end purpose you have in mind for your presentation.
Questionnaire: A set of written questions developed to obtain demographic and attitudinal information.
Value: A deeply rooted belief that governs our attitude about something.
What is one basic strategy to keep in mind when selecting a topic for presentation? Begin with a subject you already know
After choosing a topic, what should you do? Evaluate the importance of your topic, determine how much you and your audience know about the topic, evaluate your commitment to the topic
Why is narrowing your topic important? To save time and effort
When you investigate the audience demographics, interests and concerns, you are analyzing the audience
Which level of audience analysis includes colleting data about the characteristics of people? Demographic analysis
A deeply rooted belief that affects how we act toward an idea or a concept is a(n) value
A method of audience analysis that draws tentative generalizations based on some evidence is inference
If you ask people to rank concepts in order of importance or you ask them questions that place individuals into identifiable groups, you are conducting a questionnaire
Which method of analysis requires using your senses to interpret information about the audience? Observation
Which is not true of immediate purposes? They are stated from the viewpoint of the speaker
True or false: When selecting a topic for a speech, being well informed on the topic and feeling commitment to it are both important. TRUE
Bianca Highsmith-Propst
COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
In order for a talk to be effective, its topic should be important to the audience.
Topic selection should take up only a small amount of your speech preparation time.
Because topics live, change, and die, a speaker should take into account the __age__ and development of both the audience and the topic when selecting an issue about which to talk.
Which of the following should you consider when surveying your interests? YouTube videos, TED Talks, or blogs you have focused on, what
issues bother you personally, what causes take up your time and energy
Which is an ideal condition for a successful presentation topic? You know a lot about the topic, and your audience only has general knowledge.
Which of the following would be the best topic for a speech if you are a college student in an agricultural community? pesticide usage by farmers
What are some of the disadvantages of spending too much time searching
for a topic? You can lose time that would be better spent on preparing the
talk. You can wind up selecting your topic at the last minute.
Which of the following would probably be suitable subjects for an audience of college students? Should the university raise tuition or increase class sizes? Is the Greek system a good way for students to develop their social life on campus?
The starting point for public speaking should be a self-__analysis___ to survey your interests.
To identify what you already know and still need to know about your topic, which of the following lists should you make? a list of information you want to learn about the topic, a list of all the information you can recall on the topic, a list of what your audience needs to know about the topic
Inexperienced presenters tend to select topics that are ___ too large for,too complex for___ their time limit. (Select all that apply.)
Speech topics can be narrowed through the technique of _concept__ mapping
Audience analysis shares traits with ___target___ marketing techniques used in advertising.
Good public speakers observe whether their audience accepts their evidence. argument. approach.
If you are going to narrow your topic, the best time to do so is ___before___ you begin searching for additional information.
Which of the following are examples of narrowing the topic of U.S. presidential politics? the Electoral College, the primary elections system, national party conventions
If you are giving a talk about classical music, what would be the most useful thing to know about your audience? How many of them own recordings of classical music?
An inference is a tentative generalization based on evidence.
Bianca Highsmith-Propst
COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
When researching your audience, who is likely to be the best inside informant? the person who invited you to speak
Effective public speakers learn a lot about their audience by actively observing noises they make. gestures and other physical responses.
Which of the following best describes the term demographics? the characteristics of people
The immediate purpose of your speech is what you want listeners to take away with them.
What is the most important difference between your classroom audience and the virtual audience you develop on Facebook? Your Facebook audience is more likely to want to hear your message.
Which of the following is an inference? The man wearing a wedding band on his ring finger is married.
Of the following, which are good sources to use when conducting research
on your audience? others who belong to the group, the organization's website, inside informants
The collection and interpretation of data like name, age, sex, hometown, year in school, and race is known as __audience analysis___
Why is the demographic information of an audience so important to public
speakers? It helps them understand how to adapt themselves and their topic to the audience.
How can you encourage honest answers in a class questionnaire? keep the questionnaires anonymous
An inference is a tentative generalization based on evidence
Which of the following best describes a belief? an enduring personal conviction
True or false: The degree to which your audience shares a number of values or attitudes will have an effect on the impact of your talk. TRUE
Which of the following is a belief? Hard work pays off.
An informal ___ demographic analysis of___ your class can reveal key facts
that will help you improve your presentation.
If your class questionnaire is anonymous, it will encourage honest answers.
Which of the following best describes an attitude? a predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably to something
Which of the following statements is true of attitudes? They are quite stable and often difficult to change.
What is another word for belief? Conviction
Which of the following are the three
best
ways to collect attitudinal information? Ask people to reveal their attitudes toward listed concepts and assess their attitudes using an attitudinal scale. Ask people to rank values. Ask questions that place audience members in identifiable groups.
Which of the following questions, if answered in the affirmative, will tend to confirm the appropriateness of your topic for your audience? Did you select a vital topic? Can you tell where the audience stands on it?
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Bianca Highsmith-Propst
COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
True or false: The degree to which your audience shares a number of values or attitudes will have an effect on the impact of your talk.
You should be prepared to adjust your dress, manner of speaking, verbal language, and many other aspects of your presentation, based primarily on an audience analysis.
Which of the following provide direct inferences about the attitudes and beliefs of an audience? the order in which they rank their values, the values they hold
Based on free speech protection provided by the __first__ Amendment, a speaker is allowed to talk on almost any subject.
If your class questionnaire is anonymous, it will encourage honest answers.
When speaking on a complex topic to an audience that is not versed in it, what are some recommended practices? Simplify the topic as much as seems warranted. Explain technical concepts in down-to-earth terms.
How should a public speaker prepare for an audience? adapt how they behave, adapt how they look, Tailor what they say to the audience.
In a speech advocating that people purchase electric cars, the __long term___ goal of your talk is to improve the quality of the environment.
What is the most appropriate response if you are giving a talk against gay
marriage and you learn that a substantial portion of the audience is gay? Start your argument from a position sympathetic to the goals of gay marriage.
How can you encourage honest answers in a class questionnaire? keep the questionnaires anonymous
In what ways are social media and public speaking settings similar? your message is presented to an audience
Analogy: A comparison of things in some respects, especially in position or function, that are otherwise dissimilar.
bibliographic references: Complete citations that appear in the “references” or “works cited” section of your speech outline.
celebrity testimony: Statements made by a public figure who is known to the audience.
common ground: The degree to which the speaker's values, beliefs, attitudes, and interests are shared with the audience; an aspect of credibility.
Competence: The degree to which a speaker is perceived as skilled, qualified, experienced, authoritative, reliable, and informed; an aspect of credibility.
Definitions: Determinations of meaning through description, simplification, examples, analysis, comparison, explanation, or illustration.
Dynamism: The extent to which the speaker is perceived as bold, active, energetic, strong, empathic, and assertive; an aspect of credibility.
Examples: Specific instances used to illustrate your point.
Bianca Highsmith-Propst
COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
expert testimony: Statements made by someone who has special knowledge or expertise about an issue or idea.
Explanation: A means of idea development that simplifies or clarifies an idea while arousing audience interest.
Fake news: A narrative, usually presented on social media or the Internet, which uses intentionally false, fabricated, or highly misleading representations of facts to present an ideologically based perspective.
Heuristics: Mental shortcuts used to make decisions—for instance, evaluating sources.
incremental plagiarism: The intentional or unintentional use of information from one or more sources without fully divulging how much information is directly quoted.
internal references: Brief notations indicating a bibliographic reference that contains the details you are using in your speech.
lay testimony: Statements made by an ordinary person that substantiate or support what you say.
Narratives: Stories to illustrate an important point.
personal experience: Your own life as a source of information.
Plagiarism: The intentional use of information from another source without crediting the source.
reference librarian: A librarian specifically trained to help you find sources of information.
search engine: A program on the Internet that allows users to search for
information.
sleeper effect: A change of audience opinion caused by the separation of the message content from its source over a period of time.
source credibility: The extent to which the speaker is perceived as competent to make the claims he or she is making.
Statistics: Numbers that summarize numerical information or compare quantities.
supporting material: Information you can use to substantiate your arguments and to clarify your position.
Surveys: Studies in which a sample of the population is asked a limited number of questions to discover public opinions on issues.
testimonial evidence: Written or oral statements of others’ experience used by a speaker to substantiate or clarify a point.
Trustworthiness: The degree to which the speaker is perceived as honest, fair, sincere, friendly, honorable, and kind; an aspect of credibility.
two-sided argument: A source advocating one position presents an argument from the opposite viewpoint and then goes on to refute that argument.
verbal citations: Oral explanations of who the source is, how recent the information is, and what the source’s qualifications are.
Which of the following statements regarding source credibility is not true?
Source credibility is something a speaker possesses.
Bianca Highsmith-Propst
COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
Which aspect of source creditbility is the degree to which a speaker is perceived as onest, friendly, and honorable? trustworthiness
If a person speaks with vocal variety, moves toward the audience, or uses
facial expressions and gestures, that person is exhibiting which aspect of credibility? dynamism
Which of the following types of misinformation is most likely to be potentially misleading (as opposed to intentionally deceptive)? parody
Which of the following cannot be utilized effectively when gathering evidence for your speeches? A friends speech
Which type of source undergoes blind peer review to ensure high-quality information and contains specified studies? Academic journal articles
Brief notations in your outline that indicate a reference used in your speech are called _internal__ references, whereas ___bibliographic__ references are complete citations that appear in the “references” section of the speech outline.
When evaluating sources, you should ensure that the supporting material is verifiable.
Which type of supporting material includes written or oral statements of others experiences? Numbers and statistics
To develop expertise, research suggests that your practice should involve instant feedback.
In general, an audience's perception of the speaker determines who will listen.
Which aspects of credibility relate to the speaker? Trustworthiness, dynamism, competence
Which of the following can improve a speaker's competence? making complex ideas clear and vivid, being comfortable with any technology used
Audiences commonly determine trustworthiness by considering a speaker's past behaviors.
Dynamism relates to a speaker's energy
Source credibility is important because it means that the audience will listen to and remember your points.
Which of the following are dimensions of source credibility? Dynamism & trustworthiness
A speaker's competence is defined by the audience's sense of the speaker's authority on the subject.
Which of the following is
not
re
lated to trustworthiness? Intelligence
Which of the following statements best describes a dynamic speaker? A dynamic speaker uses a combination of voice, gesture, movement, and expression.
Common ground can mean which of the following? The audience and speaker have something in common. The audience and speaker share a viewpoint. The audience and speaker agree on an issue.
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Bianca Highsmith-Propst
COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
Which of the following are good ways to improve your credibility as a speaker? dress professionally, research your topic with care, develop logical arguments
Good ways to establish common ground are pointing to a shared objective. establishing a shared trajectory.
Fake news
is best defined as narratives that contain intentionally false representations of facts to support an ideologically driven perspective.
How can researching best help you select a topic? It can help you discover
and narrow topics.
Which of the following are good sources of information? other people, personal experience, the Internet
Speaking fluently improves the audience's perception of which of the following? Credibility, competence
What types of personal experience make good evidence? an experience that is typical but not dull, an experience that demonstrates a lesson
Rank the following types of misinformation from potentially misleading at the top to intentionally deceptive at the bottom. Parody, misleading content, imposter content, fabricated content
With which of the following elements can a good research plan help? organizing ideas, preparing an introduction and conclusion, practicing and
delivering the speech
In what ways can you borrow on the credibility of others? conduct research, gather support material, evaluate sources
Which of the following are important considerations in selecting people to interview? considering who is available in the limited time you have, considering who has the best information
Which of the following are good firsthand sources? your family, your special causes, your work experience
Details used to substantiate your arguments and to clarify your ideas are called supporting material.
Which of the following are true of good examples? They must be plausible. They must relate to the main point. They must be typical.
What is a story used to illustrate a point called? A narrative
Of the following, what is the
best
way to secure information from other people? informational interview
Which of the following are examples of supporting material? Examples, analogies, testimony, definitions
Specific instances used to illustrate your point are called examples
Which of the following describes a study of public opinion on an issue? A survey
Which of the following are important when using a narrative in a speech? telling the truth, focusing on the human element, helping the audience understand implications
Which of the following best describes written or oral statements of others'
experience used to substantiate or clarify a point? Testimony
Bianca Highsmith-Propst
COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
Numbers that summarize numerical information or compare quantities are
statistics
A comparison of things that are otherwise dissimilar is called an analogy
Which of the following are important when evaluating evidence from a survey? size of the sample, purpose of the survey, randomness of the sample, reliability of the source
What assumption is at work in the use of testimonial evidence? The statements of others will help the audience accept your point of view.
Which of the following are true when using statistics in a speech? It is useful to help the audience interpret the significance of figures. It is useful
to use visual resources to illustrate numbers. It is acceptable to round off figures.
Which of the following is the best use for an analogy? clarifying or illustrating
Which of the following are true of a Which of the following statements about incremental plagiarism is true?anation? It simplifies an idea or abstraction. It uses the audience's perspective.
Which of the following reveals what a term means? A definition
True or false: When researching for speech, you should focus on one main
type of supporting material. FALSE
Which of the following best describes written or oral statements of others'
experience used to substantiate or clarify a point? Testimony
Full citations found on a "references" or "works cited" page are called ___ bibliographic___ references.
Which of the following indicate ethical behavior? Your purpose and long-
range goal are sound. You are sincere and present good evidence.
A statement that clarifies what something is or how it works is called an explanation.
Which of the following are most true of definitions? They should be explained in audience-friendly language. They are determinations of meaning.
Which of the following are principles that you should follow when selecting supporting material for your presentation? Emphasize supporting material that is consistent with your objective. Match your supporting material to your topic. Consider your objective, audience, and message when selecting supporting material.
Which of the following is true when working with supporting materials? You have an ethical obligation to find the best information possible.
Written notations that refer to full citations are called ___internal___ references.
Which of the following are true of an ethical speaker? An ethical speaker treats the audience as he would like to be treated. An ethical speaker is always honest with the audience.
Which of the following statements about incremental plagiarism is true? It
can be intentional or unintentional.
Bianca Highsmith-Propst
COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
Intentionally using information from a source without crediting the source is called plagiarism.
Communication is best defined as the process of using messages to generate meaning.
The human initiator of a communication message is called the ___source___, and the intended human target is called the ___receiver___.
During communication, a source conveys his or her ideas, thoughts, and feelings in a message
True or false: The channel used can potentially influence the meaning assigned to the message. True
The verbal and nonverbal responses of a receiver to a source's message are called feedback
The communication principle that "communication begins with the self" is epitomized in the belief that how you perceive yourself determines how you communicate with others.
The __content___ of the message describes the behavior that is expected, whereas the __relational dimension___ of the message describes how it should be interpreted.
One important communication principle is "communication quantity does not increase communication __quality____."
Which of the following are examples of intrapersonal communication? evaluating something in your mind, solving problems internally, thinking things over
Interpersonal communication is a means by which people fulfill their social needs. solve problems and resolve conflicts. establish relationships with each other.
Any form of communication that is conducted through the Internet is called online communication.
Which factor can make communication competence difficult to achieve when you are trying to communicate with others? having differing goals and cultures
Which of the following are examples of noise that can affect encoding or decoding? receivers who are daydreaming, loud sounds in the background, a sight that is distracting
The process of using messages to generate meanings in a situation in which a single source transmits a message to a number of receivers who give nonverbal and sometimes question-and-answer feedback is defined as ___public___ speaking.
The process of using messages to generate meanings in a mediated system between a source and a large number of unseen receivers is defined as mass communication
To understand the difference between theories and research, it is helpful to think of theories as stories
The ___context__ provides the different types of situations in which you communicate.
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Bianca Highsmith-Propst
COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
Which of the following are major reasons why communication is essential?
Communicating effectively can help in problem solving. Communication plays a central role in your life. Effective communication can improve your
relationships with others.
Communication code "symbols" include words, phrases, and ___sentences___ that are used to evoke images, thoughts, and ideas.
Converting an idea or a thought into a code, such as a language, is the process of encoding
Simone Biles became an Olympic medalist in gymnastics in part because she responded to the __expectations____ that were communicated to her as a child by __other____ people.
The principle "communication involves choices" is true, in part, because so many different ___variable___ are involved.
Because communication is ___irreversible___, once you say something, it cannot be unsaid.
Which of the following help define the context in which a communication event takes place? the relationships between the participants, the number
of people involved, the building or space where communication occurs
Ethics is best defined as a set of ___moral___ principles or values.
Which of the following are examples of pervasive communication behaviors? believing a yawning friend is bored of you, thinking a friend is mad at you when she doesn't text back, thinking about how to arrange dinner plans
Differences in perception between two people may be the result of people's identity factors. present feelings and circumstances. past experiences and roles.
Gender identity refers to how you feel about and express your gender.
Being cold, feeling hungry, or being tired are all __temporal___ conditions that can affect your perceptions.
"The part played by somebody in a given social context" is a(n) role
Which of the following is an example of selection in the process of perception? You ignore most of the conversation around you, but when you hear your name, you suddenly listen closely.
Stimuli can be organized in a number of ways, including through figure and ground. closure. proximity. similarity.
A first impression is frequently based on other people's appearance. an initial opinion about someone upon meeting them. formed in as little as three seconds.
Accurate self-awareness is particularly important for helping you make choice
What is the goal of impression management? presenting an idealized self in order to reach desired ends
Language is a collection of ___symbols, letters, or words___ used to communicate.
Bianca Highsmith-Propst
COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
The dictionary meaning of a word is formally called its _denotative__ meaning.
Which of the following is most likely to occur if you use the word "ain't" in a formal setting? Some listeners will form a negative impression of you.
Slang is ___casual___ speech used for ___formal___ settings.
Failing to use regional terms can mark you as an outsider
An example of communication using symbols that are not words is nonword vocalization.
The need to establish certain spaces as your own is known as territoriality.
Volume, inflection, and pitch are all examples of vocal cues
Effective listening helps us improve workplace relationships and be more productive in our jobs.
Providing feedback is an important element of ___active___ listening.
Because of changes in the way we work and study, it is important that we adapt our listening strategies to particular situations.
Two common errors in perception include relying on first impressions. stereotyping.
Stereotyping occurs when we __take a very simplistic, generalized view of____ someone because of his or her membership in a particular group.
A euphemism is a less-offensive ___synonym___ for a word or phrase.
Language that people outside a particular group, profession, or culture do
not
understand is called jargon
To avoid heterosexist language, you could correct the phrase "spouses are welcome" to "___partners___ are welcome."
A specific use of language that will be a help in effective communication is
to understand and practice the difference between observation and__inference____
In the study of temporal communication, also known as ___chronemics___,
a person who is chasing dreams or always making plans is living in the future.
A person comfortable with touching is more likely to be which of the following? self-confident, assertive, socially acceptable
People's sensitivity to nonverbal cues is variable
Messages picked up by the ears and interpreted by the brain are stored in
either short-term or long-term memory
We retain thoughts needed for ___immediate use___ in our short-term memory.
One can become a better listener by employing which of the following? verbal communication, nonverbal communication, critical thinking
In any listening situation, clues about the situation are provided by the communication __context___
Which of the following skills are useful in testing your understanding of a speaker's intended message? inviting clarification, identifying areas of confusion, paraphrasing the speaker's message
Bianca Highsmith-Propst
COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
Effective listening by US workers is increasingly important because they are more often engaged in retail sales. health care. education.
Which of the following are examples of metacognition for inferring the meaning of words in second-language learning? finding similarities between words in the two language, using the words' context
In addition to adapting your verbal, nonverbal, and perception-checking skills to be an effective listener, you must also take care to be a(n) __ethical____ listener.
The three separate activities that occur during perception are selection. organization. interpretation.
Your perceptions of others are influenced by your past experiences. the personal identity you have developed until now.
Semantics is the study of how humans use language to evoke ___meaning___ in others.
Food, ethnic food, Italian food, pasta, linguine
In general, using profanity in formal settings or with people you do not know well will make you offensive to others. lose credibility.
True or false: Descriptiveness is the practice of offering personal reactions
or judgments. False
The statement, "The spear points were used to hunt mammoths," made by an archaeologist would be an example of an inference
True or false: The nonverbal elements of a speech are more important than the verbal elements. False
A variety of codes can be used to communicate the same meaning. In other words, __nonverbal____ communication is not an exact science
Which of the following are among Ekman's categorizations of movement? Affect, displays, regulators, emblems, illustrators, adaptors
Although women's communication style tends to be relationally oriented, men's communication style tends to be more task-oriented
Most active-listening ability is shown through __nonverbal__ communication
True or false: When you are listening effectively, you cannot also be speaking. False
True or false: Lecture listening is the ability to write down what the lecturer says and use those notes to succeed in a class. False
According to a 2010 report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, children 2 years of age and older spend at least ___2___ hours per day watching television.
Perception is "the process of using the ___senses___ to acquire information about the surrounding environment or situation."
You want to talk to your lab partner after class about your assignment, but your partner seems uncommunicative, quiet, and distracted. She keeps leaning against the table and even puts her head down on it. You are offended until you learn that your lab partner ran in a marathon the
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Bianca Highsmith-Propst
COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
previous day and is exhausted. What affected communication in this example? Present feelings and circumstances influenced communication.
Your opinions and reactions to current events can affect which of the following? how you communicate with others, how you view yourself, how you view others
When you engage in the activity of interpretation, you ___assign meaning to___ stimuli.
Which of the following would be considered to have a culture? Princeton University, Microsoft, Zimbabwe
A newspaper report that describes a crime suspect as a 40-year-old man with blond hair is an example of using language for organization.
A cliché is a term that has lost its originality and impact through overuse
Language that is precise and specific rather than abstract or vague is called _concrete__ language
What is the process of using messages other than words to create meaning with others called? nonverbal communication
In interpersonal communication, a variety of __nonverbal___ codes might convey the same meaning.
The failure to interpret __nonverbal codes____ leads to misunderstandings in communication.
Physical attractiveness is an objective status based on a person’s outward
physical appearance. False
Ornaments that hold communicative potential, such as jewelry, cosmetics, watches, shoes, and tattoos, are known as __artifacts___
Which of the following are likely to draw our automatic attention? a siren, your spoken name, a loud noise
Instead of processing each sound separately, our working memory recognizes __parts_ of sounds
Information stored in long-term memory has no known duration
Use of modern technology, such as smartphones and laptops, may damage which of the following? the listening process, our face-to-face communication skills
If you would like to create a visual representation of how concepts are connected while taking notes, which note-taking method is best to use? The mind map method
Any interference or distraction that reduces the clarity of a message during the encoding and decoding processes is called noise
The social scientific method relies on which of the following? direct evidence, observations, facts
A communication code is best defined as a systematic arrangement of ___symbols___ used to create ____meanings__ in the mind of another person or persons.
The communication principle "communication involves others" is demonstrated by the fact that ___messages___ you receive from others
Bianca Highsmith-Propst
COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
play a role in establishing your __self-image____ (the sort of person you believe yourself to be).
Examples of social roles include boss. daughter. college professor.
Which of the following would be a denotative meaning of the word "home"? residence
You would most likely use slang with your friends
If you are speaking to people outside your professional or academic group, you should ___avoid using jargon___ so that your listeners will understand your meaning.
Which of the following is a way to improve your language skills to make you a more effective communicator? Be descriptive in your use of language,
The study of messages people create through their organization and use of time is referred to as chronemics.
Which of the following statements about personal identity, change, and growth is
not
accurate? After a certain point, personal identity is difficult if
not impossible to change.
Kind of blue by miles davis, miles davis, modern jazz, jazz
In general, using profanity in formal settings or with people you do not know well will make you lose credibility. offensive to others.
What are the bases for Ekman's categorization of movement? Meanings, functions, origins
Which of the following are verbal skills that are important for effective active listening? varying verbal responses, identifying areas of agreement, asking questions
True or false: Lecture listening is the ability to write down what the lecturer says and use those notes to succeed in a class. False
When describing a friend, which of the following would be examples of the
best organization groups to help identify her in a crowd? Height, hair color, gender
Clichés can help you express your ideas ___quickly___, but your ideas may
be ___misunderstood___.
Which of the following correctly describes concrete language? It allows for
meaning to be transmitted and received accurately.
According to the evolutionary perspective, why do men and women tend to be attracted to others who are physically fit? They may be perceived as
having greater survivability and being good protectors.
Which of the following are communicated by a person's clothing and other
adornments? Gender, personality, socioeconomic class
Our working memory makes use of ___shortcuts___ to process information.
Noise and your perceptions of others are all potential ___barriers___ to effective listening.
Verbal obscenities or __profanity___ uses indecent words or phrases.
Bianca Highsmith-Propst
COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
Communication is essential because: Understanding communication can improve the way people view themselves and the way others view them. People learn more about human relationships as they study communication and learn important life skills. Studying communication can help people exercise their constitutionally guaranteed freedom of speech. An understanding of communication can help people succeed professionally.
The components of communication are people, messages, channels, feedback, codes, encoding and decoding, and noise.
Communication is the process of using messages to exchange meaning.
Communication begins with the self and involves others.
Communication has both a content and relational dimension.
Communication is complicated.
Increased quantity of communication does not necessarily increase the quality of communication.
Communication is inevitable, irreversible, and unrepeatable.
Communication occurs in intrapersonal, interpersonal, public, mass, and computer-mediated contexts. The number of people involved, the degree of formality or intimacy, the opportunities for feedback, the need for prestructuring messages, and the degree of stability of the roles of speaker and listener all vary with the communication context.
Communication behavior should be effective and ethical.
Language is a collection of symbols, letters, and words with arbitrary meanings that are governed by rules and are used to communicate.
Language consists of words or symbols that represent something without being that thing. Language employs rules of semantics, syntax, and pragmatics.
Language, perception, and culture are intertwined.
Language is arbitrary, organizes and classifies reality, is abstract, and shapes perceptions.
People sometimes use language in unconventional ways, which can present a barrier or a bonus to communication.
Examples of unconventional language include: Grammatical errors. Clichés. Euphemisms and doublespeak. Slang. Profanity. Jargon. Colloquialisms. Informal and IM language. Regionalisms. Sexist, racist, heterosexist, and ageist language.
You can change and improve your use of language by: Avoiding intentional confusion. Being more descriptive. Being more concrete. Differentiating between observations and inferences. Demonstrating communication competence in your interactions with others.
Verbal and nonverbal codes work in conjunction with each other.
People often have difficulty interpreting nonverbal codes because: They use the same code to communicate a variety of meanings. They use a variety of codes to communicate the same meaning.
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Bianca Highsmith-Propst
COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
Nonverbal codes consist of nonword symbols such as: Bodily movements and facial expression. Bodily appearance. Personal space. Time. Touching.
Vocal cues. Clothing and artifacts.
You can solve some of the difficulties in interpreting nonverbal codes if you Consider all of the variables in each communication situation.
Consider all of the available verbal and nonverbal codes.
Use descriptive feedback to minimize misunderstandings.
Listening is generally divided into active, empathic, critical, and enjoyment listening. Active listening, which is listening with a purpose, includes both empathic and critical listening. Empathic listening is when you are attempting to understand another person. For example, hearing your best friend complain about the behaviors of a significant other involves empathic listening. Critical listening requires evaluating a speaker's message for accuracy, meaningfulness, and usefulness. Listening to a salesperson's pitch requires careful critical listening behaviors. In addition to listening for pragmatic reasons, we also listen to things like music for enjoyment purposes.
A variety of internal and external barriers prevent many of us from being effective listeners. One barrier is noise, which includes both physical distractions and internal distractions. Physical distractions are any audible
noises in the communication environment. Internal distractions can include mental, factual, or semantic distractions. Perceptions of others and your own behaviors can also become barriers to effective listening.
Critical thinking involves careful analysis of both the communication situation and the message of the speaker. Analyzing the situation requires
that you carefully understand the communication situation in which you are involved. Analyzing the message involves evaluating the arguments and supporting material presented by the speaker, whether the speaker is
presenting observations or inferences, and whether or not the speaker is credible.
Verbal and nonverbal communication can be used to help you improve your listening behaviors. Asking questions, inviting additional comments, using descriptive responses, and providing affirming statements are all examples of effective verbal strategies. Being nonverbally responsive, using positive facial expressions, making direct eye contact, and providing positive vocal utterances are effective nonverbal strategies. Use
of such strategies will encourage the speaker to continue speaking and providing you with information so that you can check your understanding.
General verbal and nonverbal communication strategies can be adapted to specific listening situations including the workplace, classroom, and mediated environment.
Ethical listening means that you should recognize and monitor your own communication style, apply general ethical principles to your responses, and adapt your communication style to others.
Bianca Highsmith-Propst
COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
Understanding listening is important because effective listening behaviors
are related to success in our personal relationships, our workplace productivity, and even our ability to think clearly.
Interpersonal communication is the process of using messages to generate meaning between at least two people in
a situation that allows mutual opportunities for both speaking and listening.
Interpersonal relationships provide one context in which people communicate with each other. Interpersonal relationships are associations
between at least two or more people who are interdependent, who use some consistent patterns of interaction, and who have interacted for a period of time. Interpersonal relationships are established for a variety of reasons.
Most interpersonal relationships are positive, but interpersonal relationships also include conflict and may have a dark side.
Self-disclosure is the process of making intentional revelations about oneself that others would be unlikely to know and that generally constitutes private, sensitive, or confidential information.
Friendships, one type of interpersonal relationship, are taking new forms in the twenty-first century.
Most relationships go through definable stages of development, maintenance, and deterioration. Why do people initiate relationships? Attraction and similarity are important. Other factors include proximity, responsiveness, complementarity, and social exchange.
Relationship maintenance is challenging. Although some aspects of maintenance seem to generalize across most relationships, co-cultural differences affect our maintenance behaviors. People can achieve satisfying relationships.
Why do people terminate relationships? Hurtful messages, deceptive communication, and aggressiveness may have a destructive effect on interpersonal relationships.
Although interpersonal communication behaviors cannot be prescribed, three communication behaviors are essential to competent interpersonal communication. Affectionate communication includes the expression of fond or tender feelings toward another person. One goal of interpersonal communicators is to influence others in their interpersonal relationships. We develop our unique relationship through personal idioms and playful interactions.
We can improve relationships through communication by developing behavioral flexibility.
Workplace communication takes place within the context of an organization.
To prepare for your job market, you create a personal brand to represent who you are and what you stand for as a potential employee. A cover letter should persuasively establish your qualifications in relation to the
Bianca Highsmith-Propst
COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
job description. The résumé should be concise and stylistically reflect your
personality in a professional way. Your résumé should highlight your work qualifications and experiences. Certain professions may require a professional portfolio to illustrate your mastery of key skills.
Effective strategies for preparing for a job interview include gathering information about the organization, answering questions appropriately, asking questions, and conducting post interview negotiations.
Workplace communication competence involves using verbal and nonverbal communication effectively in a variety of organizational settings.
Unethical workplace communication includes aggressive communication and sexual harassment.
Aggressiveness: The assertion of one’s rights at the expense of others and caring about one’s own needs but no one else’s.
Argumentativeness: The quality or state of being argumentative; synonymous with contentiousness or combativeness.
Attractiveness: A concept that includes physical attractiveness, how desirable a person is to work with, and how much “social value” the person has for others.
Bargaining: The process in which two or more parties attempt to reach an agreement on what each should give and receive in a transaction between them.
behavioral flexibility: The ability to alter behavior to adapt to new situations and to relate in new ways when necessary.
Complementarity: The idea that we sometimes bond with people whose
strengths are our weaknesses.
complementary relationships: Relationships in which each person supplies something the other person or persons lack.
compliance-gaining: Attempts made by a source of messages to influence a target “to perform some desired behavior that the target otherwise might not perform.”
compliance-resisting: The refusal of targets of influence messages to comply with requests.
Contradictions: In dialectic theory, the idea that each person in a relationship might have two opposing desires for maintaining the relationship.
deceptive communication: The practice of deliberately making somebody believe things that are not true.
Defensiveness: The response that occurs when a person feels attacked.
Dialectic: The tension that exists between two conflicting or interacting forces, elements, or ideas.
hurtful messages and events: Things partners say and do that create emotional pain or upset.
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COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
interpersonal relationships: Associations between at least two people who are interdependent, who use some consistent patterns of interaction,
and who have interacted for an extended period of time.
personal idioms: Unique forms of expression and language understood only by individual couples.
Proximity: The location, distance, or range between persons and things.
relational deterioration: The stage in a relationship in which the prior bond disintegrates.
relational development: The initial stage in a relationship that moves a
couple from meeting to mating.
relational maintenance: The stage in a relationship after a couple has bonded and in which they engage in the process of keeping the relationship together.
Responsiveness: The idea that we tend to select our friends and loved ones from people who demonstrate positive interest in us.
Rituals: Formalized patterns of actions or words followed regularly.
self-disclosure: The process of making intentional revelations about yourself that others would be unlikely to know and that generally constitute private, sensitive, or confidential information.
Similarity: The idea that our friends and loved ones are usually people who like or dislike the same things we do.
symmetrical relationships: Relationships in which participants mirror each other or are highly similar.
Which is not an element of an interpersonal relationship? Its patters of interaction are inconsistent
Interpersonal relationships are important because they fulfill our needs for
inclusion, affection, and control
An extrovert being friends with an introvert demonstrate which type of relationship? Complementary
Obsession, jealousy, gossip, and mental abuse are examples of possible negative qualities of some interpersonal relationships
Which of the following statements regarding friendship is true? The quality of friendship is affect by other psychological predispositions
If two people in a relationship start to merge their social circles and purchase items together, they are exhibiting actions in the relational development stage
We may begin a relationship with someone based on how desirable that person is to work with in the classroom. This type of motivation is called attractiveness
A motivation for terminating a relationship by deliberately making somebody believe untrue things is labeled deceptive communication
Your childhood nickname and the pet name your significant other calls you are examples of personal idioms
When you change your behavior to adapt to new situations, you are demonstrating behavioral flexibility.
Bianca Highsmith-Propst
COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
accommodation goal: The marginalized group manages to keep its identity while striving for positive relationships with the dominant culture.
assimilation goal: The marginalized group attempts to fit in with the dominant group.
code sensitivity: The ability to use the verbal and nonverbal language appropriate to the cultural norms of the individual with whom you are communicating.
cultural relativism: The belief that another culture should be judged by its own context rather than measured against your culture.
cultural tightness: The degree to which a culture is consistent within a national boundary.
Culture: The socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, attitudes, and values of a particular period, class, community, or population.
dominant culture: A culture determined by who has the power and influence in traditional social structures like politics, religious institutions, schools, and businesses; in the United States the dominant culture is white, male, able-bodied, straight, married, and employed.
Ethnocentrism: The belief that your own group or culture is superior to other groups or cultures.
intercultural communication: The study of how cultural characteristics affect communication between people.
nondominant culture: A group that exists within a larger, dominant culture and differs from the dominant culture in one or more significant characteristics.
Prejudice: An unfavorable predisposition about an individual because of that person’s membership in a stereotyped group.
Reflexivity: Being self-aware and learning from interactions with the intent of improving future interactions.
separation goal: The marginalized group relates as exclusively as possible with its own group and as little as possible with the dominant group.
Stereotype: A generalization about some group of people that oversimplifies their culture.
Xenophobia: The fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners.
Which of the following statements is not true? Communication with people
form other cultures is becoming increasingly uncommon
How does the dominant culture differ from a nondominant culture? The dominant culture has the power and authority
When marginalized groups try to fit in with the dominant group, they are attempting to achieve assimilation
When people bring prejudices of their culture to intercultural interactions, they are being ethnocentric
When people stereotype, they make a generalization about a group of people that oversimplifies their culture
Bianca Highsmith-Propst
COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
Cultures that are more concerned with individuality, competition, and private property are which type of culture? Individualistic
Which of Schwartz’s values focuses on the maintenance of peace and stability within a collective social structure? Embeddedness
When you have a negative attitude about other people just because they are who they are, you are demonstrating prejudice
Which of the following countries would most likely have a high degree of cultural tightness? South Korea
If you are trying to improve your intercultural communication, you should do which of the following? Conduct a personal self-assessment
Affection: The emotion of caring for others and/or being cared for.
assigned groups: Groups that evolve out of a hierarchy whereby individuals are assigned membership to the group.
autocratic leaders: Leaders who maintain strict control over their group.
content curation: The collection and storage of documents and other multimedia from the web, covering a specific topic.
Control: The ability to influence our environment.
Criteria: The standards by which a group must judge potential solutions.
democratic leaders: Leaders who encourage members to participate in group decisions.
designated leader: Someone who has been appointed or elected to a leadership position.
emergent groups: Groups resulting from environmental conditions leading to the formation of a cohesive group of individuals.
emergent leader: Someone who becomes an informal leader by exerting influence toward achievement of a group’s goal but does not hold the formal position or role of leader.
formal role: Also called positional role; an assigned role based on an individual’s position or title within a group.
group climate: The emotional tone or atmosphere members create within the group.
group conflict: An expressed struggle between two or more members of
a group.
group culture: The socially negotiated system of rules that guide group behavior.
Groupthink: An unintended outcome of cohesion in which the desire for cohesion and agreement takes precedence over critical analysis and discussion.
Inclusion: The state of being involved with others; a human need.
informal role: Also called behavioral role; a role that is developed spontaneously within a group.
laissez-faire leaders: Leaders who take almost no initiative in structuring a group discussion.
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COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
Leadership: A process of using communication to influence the behaviors and attitudes of others to meet group goals.
maintenance functions: Behaviors that focus on the interpersonal relationships among group members.
Norms: Informal rules for group interaction created and sustained through communication.
Power: Interpersonal influence that forms the basis for group leadership.
relationship-oriented groups: Groups that are usually long term and exist to meet our needs for inclusion and affection.
Role: The part you play in various social contexts.
self-centered functions: Behaviors that serve the needs of the individual at the expense of the group.
small-group communication: Interaction among three to nine people working together to achieve an interdependent goal.
Stakeholders: Groups of people who have an interest in the actions of an organization.
task functions: Behaviors that are directly relevant to the group’s purpose and that affect the group’s productivity.
task-oriented groups: Also called secondary groups; groups formed for the purpose of completing tasks, such as solving problems or making decisions.
within-group diversity: The presence of observable and implicit differences among group members.
“ Group meet needs,” “Groups are everywhere,” and “Working effectively in groups requires training” are statements that explain reasons for studying small-group communication
What is true of small groups? They are comprised of three to nine people, members are interdependent, group members work toward a common goal
A group that meets via skype to discuss integrated urban housing developments for cities near Los Angeles is an example of a task-oriented group
A process of using communication to influence the behaviors and attitudes of others to meet group goals and to benefit the group is leadership
According to French and raven, referent power is power based on others admiration and respect
Informal rules for group interaction, the emotional tone created within a group, and group member roles are comprised in a groups culture
Determining a discussion question, identifying the criteria, identifying potential solutions, and evaluating potential solution are steps in group problem solving
Which of the following statements is true? Technology can be utilized to help facilitate communication within small groups.
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COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
When communicating with other group members, you should relate your remark to previous statements.
To manage group conflict ethically. Members must be willing to listen to and compromise with others
boundary spanner: An individual who shares information between groups and establishes a strategic vision for collaboration.
chronological résumé: A document that organizes your credentials over
time.
communication networks: Patterns of relationships through which information flows in an organization.
cover letter: A short letter introducing you and your résumé to an interviewer.
customer service encounter: The moment of interaction between the customer and the firm.
downward communication: Messages flowing from superiors to subordinates.
economic orientation: Organizations that manufacture products and/or offer services for consumers.
emotional labor: Jobs in which employees are expected to display certain feelings in order to satisfy organizational role expectations.
formal communication: Messages that follow prescribed channels of communication throughout the organization.
functional résumé: A document that organizes your credentials by type of function performed.
horizontal communication: Messages between members of an organization who have equal power.
hostile work environment sexual harassment: Conditions in the workplace that are sexually offensive, intimidating, or hostile and that affect an individual’s ability to perform his or her job.
Immediacy: Communication behaviors intended to create perceptions of psychological closeness with others.
informal communication: Interactions that do not follow the formal upward and downward structures of the organization but emerge out of less formal interactions among organizational members.
integration orientation: Organizations that help mediate and resolve discord among members of society.
interaction management: Establishing a smooth pattern of interaction that allows a clear flow between topics and ideas.
job description: A document that defines a job in terms of its content and scope.
objective statement: An articulation of your goals.
organizational communication: The ways in which groups of people both maintain structure and order through their symbolic interactions and
allow individual actors the freedom to accomplish their goals.
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COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
organizational communities: Groups of similar businesses or clubs that
have common interests and become networked together to provide mutual support and resources.
Organizations: Social collectives, or groups of people, in which activities
are coordinated to achieve both individual and collective goals.
pattern-maintenance orientation: Organizations that promote cultural
and educational regularity and development within society.
personal brand: Your personal attributes and values that can be consistently communicated to others.
personal network: A web of contacts and relationships that can help you gain job leads and can provide job referrals.
political orientation: Organizations that generate and distribute power and control within society.
quid pro quo sexual harassment: A situation in which an employee is offered a reward or is threatened with punishment based on his or her participation in a sexual activity.
sexual harassment: Unwelcome, unsolicited, repeated behavior of a sexual nature.
strategic ambiguity: The purposeful use of symbols to allow multiple interpretations of messages.
summary statement: A statement on your résumé that highlights your skills, experiences, and accomplishments.
supportive communication: Listening with empathy, acknowledging others’ feelings, and engaging in dialogue to help others maintain a sense
of personal control.
Title IX officer: The person designated by a college or university (or similar type of organization) to promote compliance with the U.S. Department of Education Title IX requirements, including the investigation
of alleged sexual discrimination.
upward communication: Messages flowing from subordinates to superiors.
An organization with this orientation generates and distributes power and control within society. political
Information flows in an organization through patters of relationships knowns as communication networks
When information is transferred formally form workers to their boss, which type of communication takes place? upward
When preparing for and taking part in an interview, you should ask and answer questions effectively and ethically
Which workplace communication competence category includes behaviors surrounding giving and receiving feedback? Information sharing
By smiling, gesturing, and using facial expressions in the workplace to create perceptions of psychological closeness with others, you are enacting immediacy
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Bianca Highsmith-Propst
COM 110-830A: Intro to Comm
Chapter 10 & 11 Notes
Which technique of conflict management is used to maintain relationship harmony but stifles creative dialogue and decision making? accommodation
Customer service representative are using which of the following compliance-gaining strategies when implying that it would be wrong not to comply? Moral appeals
Which type of aggressive workplace communication involves attempts to isolate a person from a larger group? Social undermining
If your boss says, you can learn work early on Fridays if you go on a date with me, this is a type of sexual harassment called quid pro quo sexual harassment
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