MGMT605 ASSIGNMENT 2
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New York Institute of Technology, Manhattan *
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Course
605
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Communications
Date
Feb 20, 2024
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9
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A2: Cross-Cultural Communications Project NAME - DHARA VADERA NYIT NUMBER - 1313086 EMAIL –
dvadera@nyit.edu A paper discusses cross-cultural communication difficulties, effectiveness, theory, and implications.
Write a 2,500-word paper addressing the following. What are the barriers to effective cross-
cultural communication? How might these be surmounted? Identify at least 2 theories of cross-
cultural communication that can shed light on your own experiences of communicating across cultures. What do these theories explain? What do they fail to explain? What are the implications of your insights for cross-cultural communication in international business organizations?
ABSTRACT: Every organization is expanding its operations beyond national borders as a result of the rapid growth of economic and social development. Cultural awareness has an impact on how businesses approach themselves in cross-culturally reflected international markets. Cultural factors are widely acknowledged to act as invisible barriers in international business communications. Understanding cultural differences is one of the most important skills for businesses to develop to compete in international business. As invisible barriers, cultural factors play an important role. Firms should focus on removing invisible cross-cultural communication barriers as globalization continues. It is critical to remove these impediments to improving the organizational climate. Furthermore, this will provide opportunities for the organization's growth and enlarge its geographic scope. When people from various nations, races, philosophies, and regions of the world come together, many serious issues may occur. Working in a multicultural team presents a variety of difficulties, conflicts, and issues. The conclusion of this paper discusses cross-cultural communication barriers, two theories of cross-cultural communication, and their business implications.
What are the barriers to effective cross-cultural communication? How these might be surmounted? Workplace cross-cultural communication has a variety of consequences. As businesses work to build a more diverse and inclusive workforce in our globalized society, it has taken on more significance. However, cross-cultural communication presents many difficulties. Businesses must now more than ever be aware of cross-cultural issues in the workplace due to the globalized nature of the economy. ( Cross-Cultural Communication)
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Workplace cross-cultural communication has a variety of effects. As companies work to build a more diverse and inclusive workforce in our globalized society, it has taken on more significance. However, cross-cultural communication presents numerous challenges. Businesses must now more than ever be aware of cross-cultural issues in the workplace due to the globalized nature of the economy. There are many types of cross-cultural communication like, Misunderstanding: Unquestionably, the biggest barrier in the corporate world is misunderstanding. Language and culture among people vary. (
UK Essays) Due to this, cultural differences can induce a significant amount of stress and uncertainty, which can result in misunderstandings. Misunderstanding thus increases apprehension and uncertainty. Value and beliefs: Every individual has a unique set of morals and beliefs. Everyone thinks it's due to their country, culture, and language. Obstacles to cross-communication in the job role must be the result of organizations failing to understand their employees' beliefs and principles. An organization must first understand how important values and beliefs are to people from other cultures to create effective and efficient communication channels.
Languages: Misunderstandings among people who communicate in the same language appear to be common at times. As an outcome, it is not shocking that individuals from various cultures and linguistic backgrounds can end up causing misunderstandings. (
Country Navigator)
Furthermore, a lack of specificity in a word's pronunciation can create communication barriers. When people speak intangibly in any organization, receivers take a long time to understand. Stereotypes: Stereotypes are a major hindrance to effective communication. A person assumes about another person based on their culture, race, gender, nationality, or ethnicity. (
UK Essays) Essentially, stereotypes are formed as a result of ignorance and fear of others. Stereotypes occur when a person does not communicate well because they are self-conscious or shy of their perceived minority and culture. Ethnocentrism: In general, it splits culture into "us" and "them." People of the same culture are classified as one cohort, while those of other cultures are categorized as another. It always prioritizes a group. (n.d). Many individuals assume that people from other cultures are inferior or junior. As a result, it judges the culture of the other person based on their standards and values. For example, a business owner may be excited about his or her foreign client and may refer to him or her as such because of his or her different race, gender, culture, and nationality.
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Presentation Style:
It is sometimes determined by cultural influences, such as how individuals from various cultures prefer to receive information. Prepare your presentation, for example, by the culture in which you are presenting. (
Country Navigator) Most Europeans prefer formal presentations that are highlighted with details and minor interruptions, with a discussion at the end. Cultures that speak English have interesting and interactive presentations. In general, Japanese people prefer more technical background information. As a result, you can't rely on your framework or presentation. When addressing audiences from various backgrounds, work with them or their culture in mind. Overcoming communications barriers An organization can accomplish its objectives while respecting the values, norms, and beliefs of the people who are impacted by its operations thanks to the development of cross-cultural communication skills. A business organization must promote cross-cultural expertise in an organizational setting to get around the aforementioned obstacles to cross-cultural communication. A universal language must be created first and foremost. This can be achieved by avoiding jargon, using clear, concise vocabulary, and providing translation services as necessary. Second, it's crucial to respect various values and beliefs and to be aware of cultural differences. Last but not least, it's crucial to build relationships based on respect and trust. By attempting to implement these cross-cultural communication strategies, businesses can make sure that workers from all backgrounds feel valued and heard.
Identify at least 2 theories of cross-cultural communication theories that can shed light on your experiences of communicating across cultures. What do these theories explain? What do they fail to explain? 1
st
theory
Introduction Every person's life is built on relationships because we are social beings. But when you're in a relationship, disagreements are unavoidable. The social exchange theory explains how people's cultural backgrounds affect how they resolve disputes. Stella Ting-Toomey, a professor of human communication at California State University, developed the theory. Toomey discussed how preserving a "facial expression" in society can involve various approaches to handling conflicts. Theory of Face-Negotiation Conflict resolution strategies vary throughout societies because of cultural differences. The theory supports the notion of maintaining one's appearance in line with their culture. The face is nothing more than an identity, the general populace persona we present to the world. (Wikipedia). People exhibit an attitude that is appealing to them because their face is a representation of who they are in society. There are certain factors in negotiating face. •
concern for one's own and other people's faces. It's crucial to comprehend the value of a person's face and how crucial it is to maintain one because it reflects on other people. •
Toto maintains their independent image in society, people from more individualistic cultures tend to dominate the conflict, while those from collectivist cultures typically avoid it or combine it. CONFLICTS Domination: People never bow down when approached. Integrating: work collaboratively and try to find a solution rather than relying on people. Obliging: Collectivistic people choose the simple way out and obey others' guidance. Avoiding: a collectivist point of view, avoid confrontation. Compromising: to conclude with just an individualistic perspective.
Example According to Stella Ting-Toomey, people in conflict situations will differ from those from individualistic and collectivist cultures. A typical American's response to a conflict will be one of self-preservation and supremacy. An individual who has relocated from a collective culture, including such as China, South Korea, Japan, or Taiwan, will react to that culture (collective culture) to avoid conflict or conform to the conditions. What does the theory explain? Stella Ting-Toomey created the Face Negotiation Theory in 1985 to explain how people from different cultures can form rapport and settle disputes. (Wikipedia) . The word "face" was chosen because the face is typically the first part of the body that people notice about a person, especially when they are strangers. When speaking to others, every human being, regardless of their culture or background, must consider their self-image. What do they fail to explain? •
They fall short of articulating how the individualistic component of face negotiation theory shapes behavior and impacts cross-cultural communication. •
The formation of unofficial subgroups aids in the establishment of common ground for interactions between people from different cultural backgrounds. •
The theories do not account for certain people's qualifications or their growth potential. 2
nd
Theory Conversational constraint theory: The theory of conversational constraints aims to shed light on how and why specific conversational tactics vary across cultural boundaries, as well as the effects of these variations. It is based on the idea that communication is influenced by culture and is integrated into the social science communication approach. (Wikipedia). There are five norms for conversational behavior: clarity, imposition reduction, consideration of the other person's feelings; the danger of a negative evaluation by the recipient, and effectiveness are the first two. These five restrictions depend on whether a culture is more task-oriented (task-oriented cultures) or socially relational (collectivist cultures) (individualistic cultures). What does the theory explain?
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The conversational constraint theory explains the relationship between goals and constraints to distinguish between the two. People define goals as states of affairs. while acknowledging that constraints and ongoing expectations influence how people achieve conversational goals. constraints function as guidelines rather than destinations; long-term concerns rather than ephemeral goals; and cross-goal considerations rather than interaction-
specific end states. According to the Conversational Constraint Theory (Kellerman, 1988, 1992; in press; Kellerman & Park, 2000, 2001; Kellerman et al., 1991; Kellerman & Shea, 1996), the main and distinct constraints influencing tactical choice in achieving conversational goals are social appropriateness and efficiency. Uncivil, ill-mannered, and rude behaviors are socially inappropriate, whereas courteous, respectful, and very well-behaved behaviors are socially appropriate. What does this fail to explain? Sharing life experiences can occasionally aid in removing barriers across cultures. Such as attending the same college, pursuing the same professional degree, or having lived in the same neighborhood despite cultural differences. This encourages a sense of community as well. Additionally, it ignores scenarios in which businesses with diverse cultures merge or are acquired. Even though it plays a crucial role in all communication, the nonverbal aspect of communication is largely ignored in most theories. What are the implications of your insights for cross-cultural communication in international business organizations?
•
The diversity of cultures, as well as their priorities, preferences, and expectations, influence both the performance of global markets and that of their employees. We need to pragmatically acknowledge the significance of the unofficial transactions that take place in the communication space based on either the exclusivity (requirement) response or the blended hypothesis. (
Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association: JAMIA) Our organization's ability to gather, present, and use information should be significantly improved with the direct support of clinician-to-clinician communication. We avoid simply relying on the computational paradigm, which can influence our perception of how clinical decisions are made and lead us to ignore features of clinical practice that sit outside of it, by acknowledging the communication space as an integral component of any organization's information systems. •
According to the continuum view, having a deeper comprehension of communication tasks should make it easier for us to design and target information and communication technologies for organizational information needs in a more effective manner. •
Whatever the individual goals are, they must be consistent with and not contradict those of the organization. This collaborative effort to achieve organizational goals fosters a sense of community that transcends cultural boundaries. People should prioritize the organization's goals over their own cultural biases. References
Cross-Cultural Communication Professional Communications from, https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/profcommsontario/chapter/cross-cultural-communication/ Barriers of Cross Communication data retrieved on October 29, 2022, https://www.ukessays.com/essays/business/barriers-cross-communication-3173.php What is the biggest barrier to cross-cultural communication? Country Navigator https://www.countrynavigator.com/blog/what-is-the-biggest-barrier-to-cross-cultural-
communication/#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20biggest%20barriers,ways%20of%20perceiving%20the%20w
orld
. How to overcome cultural and language barriers in the workplace data retrieved on October 29, 2022, https://clockify.me/blog/managing-teams/cultural-and-language-barriers-at-work/ Country Comparison Hofstede Insights data retrieved on October 30, 2022, from https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/india,the-uk,the-usa/ Cross-Cultural Communication data retrieved on October 30, 2022, from https://www.communicationtheory.org/cross-cultural-communication/ Cross-Cultural Communication figure1 https://www.communicationtheory.org/cross-cultural-communication/ Face Negotiation Theory –
7 Things Every Professional Should Know Procurement Tactics data retrieved on November 01, 2022 https://procurementtactics.com/face-negotiation-theory/ Face negotiation theory Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_negotiation_theory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversational_constraints_theory#Avoiding_Negative_Evaluation_by_the_Hea
rer When the conversation is better than computation https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC61430/
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