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SOCW 4100

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Feb 20, 2024

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Fredericka Ceasar Week 11 (SOCW 6060) - Assignment: Theories Study Guide Walden University - Dr. Williamson February 12, 2023

Attachment Theory Author or founder- John Bowlby Historical origin of theory- John Bowlby, a British psychotherapist developed the attachment theory using concepts from the Freudian psychoanalytic theory to understand anxiety and stress of children. Mary Ainsworth expanded Bowlby’s original work and revealed the profound effects of attachment on behavior. Basic assumptions - Basic assumptions include, children can not fulfill their basic needs for survival or security without a parent or caregiver. Also, the effect of the environment they grow up in can affect how they turn out as a person later on in life. Underlying assumptions - Attachment is thought of as an emotional bond with another person. Bowlby believed how a child is brought up with their parents or caregivers can have an affect on them later on in adulthood. Key concepts - Key concepts of the attachment theory are that bonds are adaptive and enhancing in an individual. Foci/unit of analysis - Attachment theory focuses on significance of emotional bonds among human beings. Philosophical or conceptual framework- The conceptual framework is the study of adult attachment in personal relationships and communication. Strengths of theory - One strength of the attachment theory is how it explains relationships. Another strength is when Mary Ainsworth expanded Bowlby’s original work. “Ainsworth’s studies supported that attachment styles have an impact on behaviors later in life.” (Cherry, 2022) Limitations of theory - Limitations of the attachment theory is it does not focus on socioeconomics and culture. Common criticisms - One criticism about the attachment theory is how often it has been used to pathologize non-normative sexualities. This was “established by social construction of what a secure relationship looks like labeling folks as insecurely attached based on sexual desires.” (Aaron, 2016). When and with whom it would be appropriate to use the theory/model - Families and children with unresolved trauma. Consistency of theory/model with social work principles- The attachment theory is consistent in social work due to psychological, evolutionary, and ethological when it concerns relationships among humans.

Identification of goodness of fit with ethical principles - It can help to determine whether certain adjustments are needed to improve the surroundings of a child. Ways in which theory/model informs research methods- Measuring attachment using intervention strategies. Implications for social work practice - To understand individuals and their relationship with others. Role Theory Author or founder : Robert Merton Historical origin of theory: Roles indicate the societal position one has and the expectations that comes with it. Basic assumptions: Individuals create roles for themselves and form expectations about their role which they must complete. Each role has set responsibilities they must fulfill based on social norms and expectations of that role. Underlying assumptions: Role theory assumes that social systems an individual is a part of function due to roles. Key concepts: Role theory has three key concepts. The first being predictable and typical societal actions. The second is the characteristics assumed by the individuals. The last concept is the expectations are implied when assuming that role and are upheld by all in that role. Foci/unit of analysis: Two focus points are how each role functions within their social group and society and how those in power impact those not in power. Philosophical or conceptual framework: Role theory is a conceptual framework that applies to all kinds of people and cultures. Role theory assists in assessing individuals and relieving stress due to their role. Strengths of theory: A strength of role theory is its ability to gain clarification on client circumstances. It can also be used to help clients fully understand the problems they are experiencing in their life. Limitations of theory: A limitation in role theory is that abnormalities are not taken into consideration when using the theory. Common criticisms: Common criticisms are that role theory creates prejudice and creates standards individuals must abide by. Those who are placed within a role are expected to embody the role and perform how that role should act.

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When and with whom it would be appropriate to use the theory/model: Role theory can help individuals understand the common behavior that those in this role assume. It would depend on the client as to when to use role theory as some could be unsure of the role they assume and become confused. Consistency of theory/model with social work principles: Role theory can evaluate relationships within individuals lives that can increase a social workers knowledge on the different behaviors and expectations of all clients. Identification of goodness of fit with ethical principles: Goodness of fit can conclude if modifications are needed to improve that client’s wellbeing. Ways in which theory/model informs research methods: Role theory informs research method by recognizing how societal expectations often form within individuals and groups. Implications for social work practice: The implications of role theory for social work practice are that social workers and their clients work together to and plan for personal and social change directions and supports. Resilience Theory Author or founder- Dr. Norman Garmezy Historical origin of theory- The resiliency theory was meant to explain what and how promotive factors work to help children overcome the negative impacts of risk exposure. Basic assumptions - There are many factors that contribute to a person's resiliency which include personality, social support system, and coping skills. Individuals who are resilient often have a positive outlook on life and believe in overcoming challenges. Underlying assumption- One assumption is acknowledging that people are resilient. Another assumption is individuals who show resilience are more often able to cope with challenges in a positive way. Key concepts - Resiliency is widely understood as arising from supportive relationships. Individuals who experienced positive relationships in childhood to adulthood are likely to demonstrate resilience. Foci/unit of analysis- The theory suggests that individuals who are resilient can overcome difficult situations. Philosophical or conceptual framework - The philosophy and conceptual framework of resiliency theory is based on how people cope with traumatic events such as physical or verbal abuse.

Strengths of theory - Strengths of resiliency theory is there are numerous factors that contribute to a person’s resiliency. It is suggested that resiliency is not just a personality trait but can be influenced by a person’s environment and experiences. Limitations of theory - One limitation of resiliency theory is that it does not explain why some people are more resilient than others. Also, the theory does not explain how people can develop resiliency. Common criticisms - It does not know how to maintain resiliency. When and with whom it would be appropriate to use the theory/model - Resiliency theory can be helpful in different fields of work such as mental health, education, and social work. Also, it can be used to help individuals identify their strengths to develop coping skills and problem- solving skills. Consistency of theory/model with social work principles - Resiliency theory is consistent with social work principles. It suggests that individuals are capable of change and can overcome challenges. Identification of goodness of fit with ethical principles - The theory is consistent with social work values and ethics which help social workers during the intervention process. Ways in which theory/model informs research methods - Research focuses on the cumulative effects of multiple promotive factors across ecological domains to more accurately reflect the complex nature of influences on adolescent development. Implications for social work practice - Developing emotional resilience will help social workers adapt positively to demanding working situations and enhance their professional growth. Cognitive Behavior Theory Author or founder Aaron Beck Historical origin of theory Aaron Beck founded this theory in the 1960s when he was just a clinician. He found that depressed individuals seemed to point to negative thoughts for their loss and failure. Basic assumptions A basic assumption of CBT is individuals can identify, evaluate, and change their beliefs the same way they are able to change negative thoughts. Underlying assumptions Changing behavioral approaches are based on the general view that problems can be understood, and all behaviors can be changed. Another assumption is cognition plays a significant role in shaping behaviors. The last assumption is effective, positive, meaningful behavioral and cognitive changes require a systemic approach. (Turner, 2017).

Key concepts The key concept of CBT is that the way an individual thinks can determine their response to the environment around them. Foci/unit of analysis Short-term, problem focused therapy is used to address thoughts and behaviors that affect how they feel in a negative way. Philosophical or conceptual framework The conceptual framework for CBT is to identify maladaptive thoughts and beliefs by replacing them with positive cognitive interpretations. Strengths of theory One strength of CBT is it teaches the individual useful practice skills that can be utilized during and after treatment. Limitations of theory One limitation is CBT may not be good for individuals with complex mental health issues or learning disabilities. Common criticisms A common criticism of CBT is it only addresses current issues and not underlying problems. When and with whom it would be appropriate to use the theory/model CBT helps individuals identify concerns in their thinking and evaluate if those thoughts are real. CBT can be used for children, adolescents, and adults. Consistency of theory/model with social work principles CBT explains human behavior by analyzing an individual’s experiences and outcome from those experiences. Identification of goodness of fit with ethical principles Ethical principles within CBT include acceptance of beliefs, an emphasis on related strengths, and acknowledging the client’s past experiences with consideration of changing their environment. Ways in which theory/model informs research methods CBT explores the connections between a person’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Implications for social work practice Implications for social practice is the commitment to protect and empower populations who are underrepresented. Feminist Theory Author or founder Mary Wollstonecraft Historical origin of theory Feminist theory was influenced based on agendas and struggles of each of the waves. Influencers like Mary Wollstonecraft and Susan B. Anthony was influential for their focus on how women’s lack of legal rights contributed to their social demotion, exclusion, and suffering.

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Basic assumptions One assumption is women are not secondary members of society and should not be treated as such. Another assumption is women should be given the same opportunities that men have. Underlying assumptions An underlying assumption is that women are equally capable of performing any social role as men. Also, there is no need to end sexism and sexist oppression by empowering women. Key concepts Sex, gender, race, discrimination, equality, difference, and choice. Foci/unit of analysis The unit of analysis of the theory is women with their experiences and interactions. Philosophical or conceptual framework The conceptual framework is women are not naturally inferior to men, but have been oppressed and controlled by men throughout history. Strengths of theory One strength is feminist theory recognizes the oppression women experience. Also, recognizes women are resilient and can overcome oppression. Limitations of theory One limitation is feminist theory does not focus on people being minorities, but middle-class white women. Also, it lacks inclusivity to women who are not heterosexual. Common criticisms Some criticism is that feminist theory lacks the attention of a woman's race and social class. Also, it does not address the issues of women's everyday lives. When and with whom it would be appropriate to use the theory/model Feminist theory is appropriate to use for women and for men who identify as a woman. Consistency of theory/model with social work principles Feminist theory believes women should have equal rights as men and be treated fairly. This aligns with the NASW Code of Ethics when it talks about dignity and worth of a person. As social workers the goal is to enhance social change for the client. Identification of goodness of fit with ethical principles The goodness of fit with ethical principles include respect and equality within the feminist theory. Ways in which theory/model informs research methods Feminist theory can inform research by showing the perspective of methods and traditional assumptions about knowledge/power. Implications for social work practice If social workers adopt the feminist theory, it can help to empower women and fight for equality in all aspects of their lives. They can help put an end to violence against women, discrimination of women, and help women gain economic independence. Problem-Solving Theory

Author or founder H.Perlman Historical origin of theory The problem-solving model/historical theory's roots may be found in the early 20th century, when psychologists started to investigate the idea of problem solving as a way to comprehend and treat mental health concerns. Basic assumptions The fundamental tenet of the problem-solving model or theory is that humans are capable of recognizing, addressing, and solving issues. Underlying assumptions Individuals are capable of acting to solve issues in their lives and that such action may have favorable results. This model makes the assumption that individuals are able to reason well and recognize the best options. Key concepts The identification of a problem, the development of solutions, the assessment of solutions, and the execution of solutions are some of the key aspects in the problem-solving model or theory. Foci/unit of analysis The person and the issue they are seeking to solve are the focus/unit of study of the problem-solving model/theory. Philosophical or conceptual framework Cognitive psychology and cognitive behavioral therapy provide the foundation of the problem-solving model or theories philosophical or conceptual framework. These ideas contend that individuals are capable of problem-solving and analysis. Strengths of theory An individual has the capacity to recognize and handle issues, the capacity to produce and assess solutions are some of the qualities of the problem-solving model/theory. Limitations of theory The dependence on the person's capacity for logical thought and the identification of the best answers is one of the limits of the problem-solving model/theory. Common criticisms The problem-solving model/theory is often criticized for its lack of attention to more significant societal concerns, its dependence on the individual's capacity for logical thought, and its disregard for the intricate dynamics of problem-solving. When and with whom it would be appropriate to use the theory/model The problem-solving model or theory may be applied to people or organizations coping with a variety of problems. It may be used in a range of contexts, such as clinical, educational, and community settings. Consistency of theory/model with social work principles It encourages people to act to solve their own issues, the problem-solving model or theory is congruent with social work ideals Identification of goodness of fit with ethical principles It encourages people to accept responsibility for their own actions, the problem-solving model or theory is congruent with ethical values.

Ways in which theory/model informs research methods It influences research methodologies by urging researchers to take into account both smaller-scale social issues and individual and group dynamics. Implications for social work practice The problem-solving model/theory has implications for social work practice that include the need to concentrate on the individual, encourage collaboration, and enable people to take initiative to solve their own problems. Solution-Focused Theory Author or founder Solution-focused theory was developed by Insoo Kim Berg and Steve De Shazer. Historical origin of theory Solution-focused theory’s historical origin comes from the family therapy field. Basic assumptions A basic assumption about solution-focused theory is all clients are capable of resolving their own problems. Underlying assumptions An underlying assumption about solution-focused theory is clients are experts of their own lives and only they can make changes in their own lives. Key concepts Solution-focused theory’s key concepts are setting measurable goals, problem solving, and acceptance of change. Foci/unit of analysis Solution-focused theory is primary focus is on an individual present and future rather than focusing on the past. Philosophical or conceptual framework Constructivism in the conceptual framework of solution- focused theory. Strengths of theory Solution-focused theory’s strengths are that it is client centered, focuses on the client’s strengths, and goal progress. Limitations of theory Solution-focused theory’s limitations include not being applicable for all clients especially those who have severe mental health concerns or comorbidity. Common criticisms A common criticism solution-focused theory faces is that its outlook is too positive and does not focus on the client's underlying issues and why they occurred. When and with whom it would be appropriate to use the theory/model The use of Solutionfocused theories would be appropriate to use with clients who are ready to have the ability to problem-solve when needed.

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Consistency of theory/model with social work principles Solution-focused theory is consistent with social work principles as it is client centered, uses the strengths approach, and focuses on client’s goal progress. Identification of goodness of fit with ethical principles Ways in which theory/model informs research methods Solution-focused theory informs research methods by offering context on how individuals can change. Implications for social work practice Solution-focused theory’s implications for social work practice are that social workers should concentrate on the clients present and future rather than their past. The client and social work should also work together to create measurable and achievable goals. References Aaron, M. (August 10, 2016). Why Attachment Theory Is All Sizzle and No Steak. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/standard-deviations/201608/why-attachment-theory- is-all-sizzle-and-no-steak Cherry, K. (December 16, 2022). What Is Attachment Theory?:The Importance of Early Emotional Bonds. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-attachment-theory-2795337

Turner, F. J. (Ed.). (2017). Social work treatment: Interlocking theoretical approaches (6th ed.). Oxford University Press. Zimmerman MA. Resiliency theory: a strengths-based approach to research and practice for adolescent health. Health Educ Behav. 2013 Aug;40(4):381-3. doi: 10.1177/1090198113493782. PMID: 23863911; PMCID: PMC3966565.

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