Unit 1 Study Guide

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3301

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Communications

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Nov 24, 2024

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HRM 3301, Human Relations and Development 1 Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to: 1. Describe the models of interpersonal skills improvement. 1.1 Identify the characteristics of communication. 1.2 Define the models and theories of communication. 1.3 Identify the characteristics and types of attachment. Required Unit Resources Chapter 1: Introducing Interpersonal Communication Chapter 2: Considering Self Unit Lesson Introduction to Communication From the moment we are born, we communicate. Eager new parents anticipate the baby’s first cry because it communicates the baby’s successful arrival to life. The baby, however, is likely communicating that they are uncomfortable. Anyone who has been around a baby knows that crying is how babies communicate until they learn words and begin to speak. McCornack and Morrison (2022) state that communication unfolds over time through a series of interconnected actions by the participants, meaning that it is a process. This is significant because it suggests that communication is more than just an event or something we do to one another. Communication is dynamic. One of the characteristics of communication is its use of modalities, including the online modalities of email, text-messaging, instant-messaging, and social networking sites. As online communication becomes more prominent in our lives, we must learn how to best use these technologies to communicate, identifying nuances such as when a face-to-face meeting would be best (e.g., for sharing serious matters, including significant health issues, or for spreading joyous news, such as the birth of a child. It is easy to rely upon technologies like email for communicating with friends and work colleagues, but the downside is that it is harder to negotiate. Think about times when you have tried to make plans by email only to have many messages sent back and forth to work out a time or meeting place. In a case like this, a brief phone call could have resolved the matter faster and with less frustration. UNIT I STUDY GUIDE Interpersonal Communication

HRM 3301, Human Relations and Development 2 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title Communication Process Communication is a two-way process involving a sender and a receiver. The three models of communication are: linear, interactive, and transactional (McCornack & Morrison, 2022). When a misunderstanding occurs, the linear view would place the blame on the sender, since this view depicts communication as flowing in one direction. Thus, when a misunderstanding occurs, the sender (or speaker) should have been more clear, engaging, or sensitive to the listener’s needs. The interactive view would place the blame on the feedback exchange or the fields of experience. Either the feedback exchange was incomplete, or the participants had vast differences in their fields of experience that prevented effective communication. The transactional view takes a realistic and complex view of communication problems by viewing communication as a multidimensional process involving participants collaborating to share meaning. A problem of miscommunication, then, is a shared responsibility. Feedback comprises the verbal and nonverbal messages recipients convey to indicate their reaction to communication. The importance of feedback in the college classroom is that it becomes the mechanism by which an instructor determines whether engagement exists and whether learning is taking place. I-Thou reflects an attitude of treating the other as a unique individual, receiving them with an open heart and respect. I-It, on the other hand, is an attitude of regarding the other as an object and perhaps even with disrespect (McCornack & Morrison, 2022). These attitudes can manifest in a multitude of ways interpersonally (e.g., how we greet each other in social settings). An I-Thou attitude may give rise to a genuinely warm greeting and curiosity about how the person is doing. By contrast, an I-It greeting may be cold, impersonal, and devoid of real meaning behind the question, “How are you?” Interpersonal Communication Self-presentation goals involve appropriate interpersonal communication to maintain a positive image. While instrumental goals involve interpersonal communication with others to get the information we want and/or need. Relationship goals use interpersonal communication to serve us in establishing new friendships, pursuing romantic interests, developing professional and mentoring relationships.

HRM 3301, Human Relations and Development 3 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title One characteristic of interpersonal communication is that it is dynamic. This means it changes over time. We may only share positive information in the beginning stages of a friendship or romance and then test the waters by sharing some negative information. The longer we know someone, the more information we may share with them. However, relationships change over time, too. If we become less close to a friend, we may share less. Parents and children communicate a lot when the children are young, but as the children become teenagers, they may disclose less to their parents. Communication creates a history that affects future interaction. Hurtful words or events affect how we view the relationship and the other person. We cannot undo or take back a transgression. The purpose of apologizing is to acknowledge our fault in the transgression and to renew our commitment to managing the relationship appropriately. Every communication is an exchange of ideas and provides information about the degree of camaraderie and status in the relationship. When giving a work assignment, the superior might politely ask that you process an important document before you leave for the evening. Their tone of voice and nonverbal manner may suggest they like you and therefore exert minimum power. On the other hand, a demanding tone with limited eye contact could suggest that they mistrust you, dislike you, or believe that you question their authority. Interpersonally competent communication meets three criteria: it is appropriate, effective, and ethical (McCornack & Morrison, 2022). Examples of communication experiences in which the communication may be effective (achieving self- presentation, instrumental, or relational goals) but is either inappropriate or unethical include: (1) the use of inappropriate humor with the intent of “getting a laugh” (instrumental goal); (2) misrepresenting your job experience during a job interview (self-presentation); (3) lavish praise of a colleague’s work effort even though you know that there is a serious flaw in the work (relational goal); (4) bragging around the office water cooler about your love conquest (self-presentation); and (5) text-messaging your partner that you think it’s time to separate (instrumental). Self-Awareness Self-awareness is important to developing yourself, your communication, and your relationships. One example of not understanding yourself very well is repeating the same mistakes over and over. Limited self- awareness affects personal happiness when we do not know what we really want in life or what satisfies our needs. We may make poor choices in selecting friends and romantic partners. We may fail to recognize how our behavior contributes to relationship problems. We can have difficulty explaining our motives and reactions. Self-fulfilling prophecies are predictions about future interactions that lead us to behave in ways that ensure the interaction unfolds as predicted. Some examples of self-fulfilling prophecy in school life might include: “I can (or cannot) do well in math”; “I’m good (or not good) at making friends”; or, “I will (or will not) be successful in auditioning for the choir/band.” Some examples of self-fulfilling prophecy in social life might include: “She will (or won’t) find me attractive”; “I like (or dislike) meeting new people”; or, “I will (or won’t) enjoy spending time with other couples.” Advertisers use tactics to suggest that we “ought” to be cool or that we “ought” to be young. For example, ads from Apple imply that it is fashionable to be seen with its sleek new iPhone or the latest iPad. Alternately,

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HRM 3301, Human Relations and Development 4 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title Clairol ads depict the horror of graying hair, explaining how the company’s dyes can “subtract years” from your appearance. Think about people who shun low-budget handbags or heels from discount stores and gravitate toward expensive items like Louis Vuitton handbags and Christian Louboutin shoes are trying to communicate. Peer/social pressures combine with media messages to affect the standards of how we “ought to be.” Consider viewpoints about gender, including the concepts of masculinity and femininity which are learned through socialization and interpersonal experiences. Things like “Little girls don’t talk like that”; “You’re getting too big to cry”; and, “You should be helping out in the kitchen.” Over the past few decades, Americans have made great strides in accepting and adjusting to new definitions of gender roles. The increase in the number of stay-at-home fathers, female chief executive officers (CEOs), and family-friendly corporate policies give credence to these attitude changes. Attachment styles are concerned with the type of emotional bond we develop with our caregivers that serve as the foundation for future interpersonal relationships. The four styles are: (1) secure attachment, a perception that love is desirable and dependable; (2) preoccupied attachment, a desire for closeness but anxiety about acceptance; (3) dismissive attachment, a preference for limited relationships and high value placed on self-reliance; and (4) fearful attachment, a belief that love only causes unhappiness (McCornack & Morrison, 2022). These four attachment styles describe problems of trust, relational satisfaction, and anxiety, and then make a prediction about how a person representing each attachment style each would handle an emotional crisis. Think about the masks we wear in various interpersonal settings. Masks maintain order and civility in social settings. In a customer-service setting, a mask is important to maintain the image that the company wants to project to its customer. As an employee, you are the “face” of the company, so you must pretend “the customer is always right” no matter your opinion of the customer and/or the customer’s behavior. Masks present problems when they mislead others, compromise the trust in a relationship, or misrepresent our fundamental values. Communication and Social Media In relationships, the amount of depth of disclosure we share will vary depending on the level of trust that has been established. The amount of risk-taking and trust affect the management of what we talk about and how deeply we talk. One criticism of social media is that people feel they must post status updates and photos of themselves looking happy and having fun in order to seem cool and/or popular. (This tendency led Facebook to earn the pejorative nickname “Bragbook.”) Social comparison may contribute to “Facebook depression.” When you compare your life to that of others, based on what they have posted, it may appear that their lives are happier and more successful than yours. Social media has transformed interpersonal communication because many people blog, tweet, and post to Instagram and other social media platforms without considering the appropriateness of the information they are sharing. Once the information is out there, it is there permanently even if you delete it.

HRM 3301, Human Relations and Development 5 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title Some may base their self esteem off from social media likes. (Bialasiewicz, n.d.) As part of the background checking process, employers retain third party companies that scour the internet to see if a candidate has posted anything that would indicate they are a bad fit for the organization. The obvious things would be images containing nudity, pictures of illegal activities, and bullying posts. The less obvious things might be “liking” someone else’s post that includes the acts listed above. While types of information that are appropriate might include status updates; pictures of friends, family, and pets; information about favorite bands; movie trailers; and YouTube clips. References Bialasiewicz, K. (n.d.). Excited facebook girl (ID 44414477) [Image]. Dreamstime. https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-excited-facebook-girl-image-sitting-couch-image44414477 McCornack, S., & Morrison, K. (2022). Reflect & relate: An introduction to interpersonal communication (6th ed.). Bedford/St. Martin’s. https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781319395827 Suggested Unit Resources In order to access the following resources, click the links below. Reviewing the below Chapter Presentations will reinforce the unit topics: Chapter 1 Presentation PDF of Chapter 1 Presentation Chapter 2 Presentation PDF of Chapter 2 Presentation The National Communication Association is an organization of researchers, educators, and other professionals working to enhance the study and practice of communication. In the Unit Lesson, we discussed the ways in which social media changed communication and may be responsible to increasing depression. The below article discusses a study in which college rate how well social media aids in providing social support for depression and how it contributes to it:

HRM 3301, Human Relations and Development 6 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title Drouin, M., Reining, L., Flanagan, M., Carpenter, M., & Toscos, T. (2018). College students in distress: Can Social media be a source of social support? College Student Journal, 52 (4), 494–504. https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire ct=true&db=asn&AN=134341758&site=ehost-live&scope=site

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