Ch2 Questions

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Ch 2 Review and Critical Thinking Questions 1 . Which country initiated the era of Atlantic exploration? A. France B. Spain C. England D. Portugal 2. Which country established the first colonies in the Americas? A. England B. Portugal C. Spain D. the Netherlands 3 . Where did Christopher Columbus first land? A. Hispaniola B. the Bahamas C. Jamestown D. Mexico 4. Why did the authors of probanzas de méritos choose to write in the way that they did? What should we consider when we interpret these documents today? Authors of "probanzas de méritos" highlighted their merits to obtain privileges from the Spanish Crown, often embellishing details to enhance their appeal. Today, it's vital to recognize the historical backdrop of these documents, being cautious of possible exaggerations and consulting other sources for a comprehensive understanding of that era. 5 . Where did the Protestant Reformation begin? A. Northern Europe B. Spain C. England D. the American colonies 6. What was the chief goal of the Puritans? A. to achieve a lasting peace with the Catholic nations of Spain and France B. to eliminate any traces of Catholicism from the Church of England C. to assist Henry VIII in his quest for an annulment to his marriage D. to create a hierarchy within the Church of England modeled on that of the Catholic Church

7 . What reforms to the Catholic Church did Martin Luther and John Calvin call for? During the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther called for an end to the sale of indulgences, the sole reliance on the Bible for religious doctrine, and salvation through faith alone. John Calvin promoted the idea of predestination and a simplified church worship focused on biblical principles. Both aimed to reform the Catholic Church's perceived corrupt practices, fostering a closer individual relationship with God and encouraging moral and ethical living. 8. Why didn’t England make stronger attempts to colonize the New World before the late sixteenth to early seventeenth century? A. English attention was turned to internal struggles and the encroaching Catholic menace to Scotland and Ireland. B. The English monarchy did not want to declare direct war on Spain by attempting to colonize the Americas. C. The English military was occupied in battling for control of New Netherlands. D. The English crown refused to fund colonial expeditions. 9 . What was the main goal of the French in colonizing the Americas? A. establishing a colony with French subjects B. trading, especially for furs C. gaining control of shipping lanes D. spreading Catholicism among native peoples 10. What were some of the main differences among the non-Spanish colonies?  The French were generally friendly with the Native Americans, focusing on trade and alliances.  The Dutch aimed to establish trading outposts, prioritizing commerce over territorial expansion.  The English were keen on establishing permanent colonies, often leading to conflicts with native populations.  The Spanish sought to spread Christianity, gain wealth and fame, often through the conquest and exploitation of native populations. 11 . How could Spaniards obtain encomiendas ? A. by serving the Spanish crown B. by buying them from other Spaniards C. by buying them from native chiefs D. by inheriting them

12. Which of the following best describes the Columbian Exchange? A. the letters Columbus and other conquistadors exchanged with the Spanish crown B. an exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas C. a form of trade between the Spanish and natives D. the way in which explorers exchanged information about new lands to conquer 13 . Why did diseases like smallpox affect Native Americans so badly? A. Native Americans were less robust than Europeans. B. Europeans deliberately infected Native Americans. C. Native Americans had no immunity to European diseases. D. Conditions in the Americas were so harsh that Native Americans and Europeans alike were devastated by disease. 14. What were the consequences of the religious upheavals of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? The religious upheavals of the 16th and 17th centuries led to the creation of new Christian denominations, sparked wars and conflicts, brought about significant political changes, and eventually paved the way for greater religious tolerance and intellectual growth. It also caused shifts in economic dynamics and triggered large-scale migrations. These changes drastically reshaped the societal landscape during that period. 15. What types of labor systems were used in the Americas? Did systems of unfree labor serve more than an economic function? indentured servants, African slaves, chattel slavery, encomienda; unfree labor systems brought more people to the Americas because the passage for indentured servants was free. 16. What is meant by the Columbian Exchange? Who was affected the most by the exchange? The Columbian Exchange refers to the transfer of plants, animals, cultures, human populations, technologies, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World (Europe, Africa, and Asia) following Columbus' voyages in the late 15th century. Indigenous peoples in the Americas were the most affected, experiencing dramatic population declines due to diseases brought by Europeans, loss of land, and cultural upheaval.

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17. What were the various goals of the colonial European powers in the expansion of their empires? To what extent were they able to achieve these goals? Where did they fail? European colonial powers aimed to expand their territories, amass wealth, and spread Christianity. They largely succeeded in territorial expansion and wealth accumulation but often at the cost of severe exploitation and displacement of indigenous peoples. Their efforts to fully convert locals to Christianity or assimilate them culturally met with varying degrees of success, sometimes facing resistance and fostering tensions that persisted for centuries. 18. On the whole, what was the impact of early European explorations on the New World? What was the impact of the New World on Europeans? Early European explorations brought about significant changes in the New World, including the introduction of new diseases that decimated native populations, cultural upheavals, and the establishment of colonies that exploited local resources. Conversely, the New World impacted Europeans by providing new resources, such as gold, silver, and agricultural products, which boosted European economies and spurred further explorations and technological advancements. It also broadened Europeans' cultural and geographical understanding of the world.