ANSI 3543 W.A 9

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University of Central Oklahoma *

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ANSI3543

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Chemistry

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Jan 9, 2024

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Hailey Walker ANSI 3543E-Principles of Animal 10/30/2023 Use this form as the cover page for the writing assignment Name ___Hailey Walker__ OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY U niversity O utreach & I ndividual S tudy WRITING ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET ANSI 3543E- P rin c i pl es of Anim al N u triti o n Writing Assignment 9 (100 points) This space for oﬃce use only. Do not use outside sources to answer the writing assignments in this course. This writing assignment covers lesson 9. Refer to the Writing Assignments section in the Preface of this course guide for instructions on the preparation and submission of this assignment.

Hailey Walker ANSI 3543E-Principles of Animal 10/30/2023 Lesson 9 Proteins and Amino Acids Writing Assignment 9 (100 points) Do not use outside sources to answer the writing assi gn ments in this course. This writing assignment covers lesson 9. Refer to the Writing Assignments section in the Preface of this course guide for instructions on the preparation and submission of this assignment. 1. How does an amino acid differ chemically from a simple carbohydrate like glucose? In their purpose to the body? The building blocks of proteins are amino acids, and they contain both an amino group and a carboxyl group. Glucose is a simple sugar and also a carbohydrate that contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Amino acids are not a significant energy source, but they play important roles in cell functions. Amino acids are primarily used for protein synthesis, enzyme function, and various structural roles in the body. Glucose serves as a primary source of energy for the body and can be stored as glycogen or converted into fat. 2. Compare and contrast the purpose of proteins and carbohydrates in the body. Proteins are essential for various functions in the body, serving as structural components, enzymes, antibodies, and transport molecules. They are crucial for growth, repair, and maintenance of the body's structure and functions. Carbohydrates, like glucose, provide a primary source of energy for the body and are quickly converted into ATP for cellular activities. While both proteins and carbohydrates can be sources of energy, carbohydrates are primarily used for this purpose, while proteins are more focused on structural and functional roles. 3. List the important mucoproteins briefly discussed in the text. ● Cholinesterase (an enzyme serum) ● Gonadotropin (a hormone) ● Mucoproteins of submaxillary salivary gland secretions are potent inhibitors of agglutination of RBC by influenza viruses ● Ovalbumin (contains glucosamine and mannose) ● Ovomucoid (the trypsin inhibitor in egg white) 4. Briefly, describe the primary functions of proteins in mammals. (Make a

Hailey Walker ANSI 3543E-Principles of Animal 10/30/2023 bulleted list with a short explanation.) 1. Structural components such as components of cell membranes, muscles, skin, hair, and hooves (protection, cell structure, muscle contraction) 2. Specialized functions such as playing a role in gene expression, enzyme-catalyzed reactions, muscle contractions, metabolic regulation, and immune function 3. All enzymes and many hormones that are made by the animal are proteins that are critical to have for survival (hormone-mediated effects/regulation) 5. Explain the difference between true protein and urea and explain the practical significance of a ruminant and a nonruminant. True protein refers to the actual protein content in a feed or diet, which includes amino acids and is directly available for digestion and utilization by an animal. Urea, on the other hand, is a non-protein nitrogen compound that contains nitrogen but is not a true protein. Urea can be converted into ammonia in the animal's digestive system and used by microorganisms to synthesize microbial protein. Ruminants, like cattle, have a specialized stomach with microbes capable of utilizing urea to synthesize microbial protein in their complex digestive process. Allowing ruminants to better utilize low-quality forages. Nonruminants, such as pigs and poultry, lack these specialized microbes and cannot effectively use urea as a protein source, making true protein sources more critical in their diets. 6. Explain why I must be interested in both protein quality and protein quantity in feeding livestock. Both protein quality and quantity are important when considering livestock feed. The quality of the protein in the feed determines how digestible it is. Protein quantity ensures that animals receive enough total protein to meet their growth and maintenance needs. Protein quality, on the other hand, is crucial because it determines the availability and balance of essential amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Insufficient protein quantity can lead to undernourishment, while poor protein quality can result in inadequate amino acid intake, affecting growth, reproduction, and overall animal performance. 7. Explain why the body usually uses 20-22 amino acids to manufacture proteins but only requires 10 of them in the diet. The body uses 20-22 amino acids to manufacture proteins because these amino acids are essential for building a wide variety of proteins with very specific functions. However, only 10 amino acids are considered "essential" in the diet because the body cannot synthesize them in sufficient quantities by itself. The other 10-12 amino acids can be synthesized by the body through different various biochemical pathways. 8. There are several reasons why it is unwise to feed excess protein. Please

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Hailey Walker ANSI 3543E-Principles of Animal 10/30/2023 explain in detail why this is so. High protein diets can change liver, water, and protein content. Other studies have shown that high-protein diets reduce the activity of adipose tissue enzymes that are associated with fatty acid synthesis in swine. The extent of the correlation between reduced feed intake and weight gain associated with high protein intake is due to increased blood and tissue ammonia concentration. In ruminants, it results in ammonia release which is lost and wasted as urea in the urine. Ammonia toxicity can result in an increase in blood glucose, lactate, pyruvate pentoses, and ketones. 9. Explain why it is undesirable for ensiling material to get too hot during the fermentation process. (Hint: You cannot answer this question correctly unless you appropriately use the term "browning.) When the ensiling material undergoes excessive heating during the fermentation process, it triggers a browning reaction. Browning reactions are a chemical process in which the additional amino groups in the material react with reducing sugars in the presence of heat or acid, forming a complex of amino acid and sugar. These reactions can cause the breakdown of proteins and carbohydrates, leading to decreased feed quality and potential health issues for livestock consuming the ensiled forage. 10. Explain the practical feeding purpose of rumen bypass protein. Bypass protein refers to animal or plant substances that are not synthesized by the rumen and pass to the other lower parts of the digestive. The "protected" feed would be digested in the lower gut and used by the animal without the microbial "filter." This helps improve the overall protein utilization and can be beneficial for meeting the protein requirements of ruminant animals like cattle, sheep, and goats, promoting growth, milk production, and overall animal health. The use of too much bypass protein without increasing lower-quality CP could be detrimental to the well-being of the microorganisms and thus the digestion of the animal.