BIOS1035_Workshop_10_2023(1)

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School of Science 2023 BIOS1035 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY IN HEALTH WORKSHOP- 10
OVERVIEW Cells, tissues and organs Objective 1 : Using the below figure-1 identify the various organ systems of the body as marked. Point out at least two organs and one general cell from each organ system. AC TIVIT Y 1 2
Membranes That Line the Major Body Cavities Objective 2 : Identify the membranes that line the major body cavities. Organs in the dorsal body cavity are wrapped in membranes called the meninges . You will study these membranes in more detail when you study the nervous system later in the semester. Organs in the ventral body cavity are wrapped in two-layered membranes called serous membranes . Each organ is wrapped in a thin layer of membrane referred to as the visceral serosa . The inside of the body cavity wall is lined in a thin layer of membrane referred to as the parietal serosa . Between the visceral serosa and the parietal serosa is serous fluid , which lubricates the membranes. The serous membranes are given specific names according to the specific parts of the ventral body cavity in which they are found. The membranes in the pericardial cavity are the visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium . The membranes in the pleural cavities are the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura . The membranes in the abdominopelvic cavity are the visceral peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum . Additional membranes, called mesenteries , hold the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity in place, attaching them to each other and to the inside of the body wall. AC TIVIT Y 9 Obtain a balloon and blow gently to a medium size balloon using a balloon pump and place a knot. Now press the balloon gently from top with your fist and notice the inner balloon wall and the outer balloon wall separated with air-filled cavity. Your instructor should demonstrate this for you. QUESTIONS Refer to Activity 9 and be as specific as possible with your answers. 2. What does the out-balloon wall represent? The outer balloon wall represents the parietal serosa in the context of the serous membranes discussed earlier. The outer layer of the balloon that is facing away from the air-filled cavity corresponds to the parietal serosa, which lines the inside of the body cavity wall.
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3. What does the inner balloon wall represent? The inner balloon wall represents the visceral serosa in the context of the serous membranes. The inner layer of the balloon that is facing the air-filled cavity corresponds to the visceral serosa, which wraps around and covers the organs within the ventral body cavity.
4. What does the air in balloon represent? The air in the balloon represents the serous fluid that is present between the visceral serosa and the parietal serosa in the body’s serous membranes. The air-filled cavity in the balloon is analogous to the space filled with serous fluid in the body, which serves to lubricate the membranes and reduce friction between the organs and the body cavity walls. 5. Pleurisy is a condition in which the serous membranes associated with the lungs become inflamed. Inflamed serous membranes typically produce less serous fluid than normal, and breathing becomes painful when a person has pleurisy. Briefly explain why serous fluid is particularly important for the lungs. Serous fluid is particularly important for the lungs as it acts as a lubricant between the two layers of serous membranes, namely the visceral pleura covering the lungs and the parietal pleura lining the chest cavity. This fluid allows the membranes to glide smoothly against each other during breathing, reducing friction and allowing for effortless lung expansion and contraction. When serous membranes become inflamed in pleurisy, the production of serous fluid decreases, resulting in increased friction and painful breathing. Serous fluid is essential for maintaining pain-free and unhindered movement of the lungs, facilitating comfortable respiration. Discussion Questions 1. Automobile accidents are the common cause of abdominopelvic injury. What are some other frequent causes of injury in the abdominopelvic area? What are the common causes of automobile accidents? What type of impact most frequently leads to abdominopelvic injuries? In addition to automobile accidents, some other frequent causes of injury in the abdominopelvic area include, falls, sport injuries, blunt trauma (non-penetrating injuries from objects or blows to the abdomen). Common causes of automobile accidents include distracted driving, speeding, drunk driving, reckless driving, and adverse weather conditions. Factors such as driver negligence, mechanical failures, and road conditions contribute to automobile accidents. The type of impact that most frequently leads to abdominopelvic injuries in automobile accidents is frontal impact. Frontal collisions often result in the rapid deceleration of the vehicle, causing the body to move forcefully forward. This sudden motion can cause the abdomen and pelvis to collide with the steering wheel, dashboard, or seat belt, leading to internal injuries such as organ damage, fractures, or pelvic trauma.
2. CT scans are used commonly in emergency rooms when a patient needs to be assessed for the level of trauma to the abdominal pelvic area. Why do they do this? What other ways do emergency rooms assess the level of damage in the abdominopelvic area? CT scans are commonly used in emergency rooms to assess the level of trauma to the abdominal pelvic area because they provide detailed cross-sectional images of the internal structures. CT scans can help identify injuries to organs, blood vessels, and bones, allowing healthcare professionals to accurately diagnose and determine the severity of the trauma. Other ways emergency rooms assess the level of damage in the abdominopelvic area include physical examination, which includes palpation and observation of external signs of injury, such as bruising or swelling. Additionally, laboratory tests may be conducted to assess blood loss, organ function, or presence of infection. Diagnostic imaging techniques like X-rays and ultrasound may also be used to complement the assessment of abdominopelvic injuries.
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3. Which organs are injured most frequently in abdominopelvic injuries? What is the impact on body functioning? The organs that are injured most frequently in abdominopelvic injuries the liver, spleen, kidneys, and intestines. These organs are susceptible to injury due to their position and vulnerability to blunt trauma or compression forces. Injuries to these organs can lead to internal bleeding, organ damage, and impaired functioning. The impact on body functioning depends on the severity of the injury and the specific organ affected. It can range from mild discomfort or pain to life-threatening conditions such as hemorrhage, organ failure, or peritonitis. Prompt medical intervention is crucial to assess and manage abdominopelvic injuries to minimize potential complications and restore normal bodily functions. 4. What are some common treatments for removing, or making less evident, scar tissue on skin? What are the proposed mechanisms on how these treatments would work? Some common treatments for removing or reducing the visibility of scar tissue on the skin include: 1. Topical treatments: These may include silicone gels or sheets, which create a protective barrier and hydrate the skin to improve scar appearance. They can also help regulate collagen production. 2. Corticosteroid injections: These are used to flatten and soften raised scars by reducing inflammation and suppressing collagen production. 3. Laser therapy: Various types of laser treatments can be used to remodel scar tissue, stimulate collagen production, and improve the texture and colour of scars. 4. Surgical revision: In some cases, surgical procedures such as scar excision or dermabrasion may be performed to remove or alter the scar tissue. The proposed mechanisms behind these treatments involve promoting collagen remodelling, reducing inflammation, improving blood circulation, and encouraging the growth of healthier skin cells. These interventions aim to break down excessive scar tissue, stimulate the production of new collagen fibres, and promote a more even distribution of pigment and texture, ultimately leading to a reduction in the appearance of scars. 5. What is the treatment for scar tissue in soft tissue areas around joints and ligaments (contractures)? The treatment for scar tissue in soft tissue areas around joints and ligaments, known as contractures, may involve a combination of approaches: 1. Physical therapy: Stretching exercises, range of motion exercises, and manual therapy techniques can help improve flexibility and reduce contractures.
2. Splinting or bracing: Wearing splints or braces can help maintain proper alignment and prevent further tightening of the affected area. 3. Massage therapy: Techniques such as deep tissue massage or myofascial release can help break down scar tissue, improve circulation, and promote healing. 4. Heat therapy: Applying heat to the affected area can help relax muscles, increase blood flow, and improve tissue elasticity. 5. Injections: In some cases, corticosteroid injections or other medications may be used to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms. 6. Surgical intervention: In severe cases where conservative measures fail, surgical procedures such as scar release or tissue grafting may be considered to improve mobility and function. The specific treatment approach will depend on the individual's condition, the extent of the contracture, and the underlying cause. A comprehensive evaluation by a healthcare professional is necessary to determine the most appropriate treatment plan. Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions 1. A nurse informed John that she was about to take blood from his antecubital region. What part of his body was she referring to? Later, she came back and said that she was going to give him an antibiotic injection in the deltoid region. Did he take off his shirt or drop his pants to get the injection? Before John left the office, the nurse noticed that his left sural region was badly bruised. What part of his was black and blue? The nurse was referring to the antecubital region when she mentioned taking blood from John. This region is located on the inner side of the elbow, where the veins are easily accessible. For the antibiotic injection in the deltoid region, John did not need to take off his shirt or drop his pants. The deltoid region refers to the upper arm, specifically the muscle known as the deltoid muscle. The injection can be administered into the deltoid muscle without the need for removing clothing. The left sural region refers to the area at the back of the lower leg, specifically the calf. If the nurse noticed that this region was badly bruised, it means that the calf area on John’s left leg was black and blue, indicating the presence of significant bruising. 2. A diagnostic radiographer told John that she was going to take an image of his calcaneal region. What part of his body was she referring to? Later, a nurse told him she was going to give him an injection containing painkillers in his gluteal region. Did he take off his shirt or his trousers to get the injection? When John next saw a physiotherapist, the therapist noticed John has tenderness and swelling in the tarsal region. What part of his body was tender and swollen? The calcaneus is a roughly rectangular prism-shaped bone located inferior to the talus and posterior to the midfoot. For the injection containing painkillers in the
gluteal region, John did not need to take off his shirt. The gluteal region refers to the buttocks, and the injection can be administered into the muscles of the buttocks without requiring the removal of clothing from the upper body. When the physiotherapist noticed tenderness and swelling in the tarsal region, it indicates that the specific are affected is the tarsus or the ankle region. The tarsal region includes the bones and soft tissues of the ankle, and John experienced tenderness and swelling in this area.
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3. Jennifer fell off her motorcycle and tore a nerve in her axillary region. She also tore ligaments in her cervical and scapular regions and broke the only bone of her right brachial region. Explain where each of her injuries is located. Jennifer’s injuries are located as follows: 1. Torn nerve in the axillary region: The axillary region refers to the area of the armpit. Jennifer tore a nerve in this region, which is responsible for innervating the muscles and providing sensation to the upper arm and shoulder. 1. Torn ligaments in the cervical and scapular regions: The cervical region refers to the neck, specifically the area around the cervical vertebrae. Jennifer tore ligaments in this region, indicating damage to the supportive structures of the neck. The scapular region refers to the area around the shoulder blade (scapula), and Jennifer also tore ligaments in this region, potentially affecting the stability and movement of the shoulder joint. 2. Broken bone in the right brachial region: The brachial region refers to the upper arm. Jennifer broke the only bone in her right brachial region, which is likely referring to the humerus bone. This fracture can significantly impact the function and mobility of the arm. 4. Mr Harvey, a computer programmer, has been complaining about numbness and pain in his right hand. His physician diagnosed carpal tunnel syndrome and prescribed a splint. Where will Mr Harvey apply the splint? Be sure to use correct anatomical terminology in your answer. Mr. Harvey will apply the splint to his wrist in the case of carpal tunnel syndrome. The splint will specifically be worn on the volar aspect of the hand, extending from the distal forearm to the metacarpals. It is designed to keep the wrist in a neutral position, preventing excessive flexion or extension. By immobilizing the wrist, the splint helps to relieve pressure on the median nerve, which passes through the carpal tunnel in the wrist. This can alleviate the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome, including numbness and pain in the hand and fingers.