Week_6-Nuclear_Chemistry (1)

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Jan 9, 2024

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Annah Moore Week 6 Lab: Nuclear Chemistry Objectives: Identify the differences between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions. Identify the concept of radioactive decay. Identify the nuclear changes associated with alpha, beta or gamma decay. Write the products of nuclear reactions involving alpha, beta or gamma emissions. Explain the concept of half-lives and complete half-life calculations. Identify common subatomic particles and energies involved in nuclear reactions Recognize common modes of radioactive decay (alpha, beta, gamma, and electron capture) by observing differences in nucleic mass defect and/or binding energies Describe common applications of radioactive isotopes (nuclear medicine, radiometric/carbon dating, nuclear energy) Describe how carbon dating works Radioactivity is something that only happens in nuclear power plants, right? In this simulation, you will learn that radioactivity is much more common than you might think—in fact, you are surrounded by it! You will also learn what types of atoms are radioactive and why, and how alpha, beta, and gamma decay generate different types of radioactivity. Understand the processes happening in the atomic nucleus Use our holofloor to visualize how protons and neutrons interact in the nucleus. Experiment with stability of isotopes and figure out why some combinations are more stable than others. Analyze properties of alpha, beta, and gamma decay Radioactive isotopes can undergo alpha, beta, and gamma decay. Each of these processes generates radioactivity; luckily, we are in a virtual simulation and we can experiment with these isotopes without being exposed to harmful levels of radiation. Additionally, you will be able to see how protons and neutrons interact in the nucleus thanks to our advanced holofloor. Not all atoms are stable. When atoms are born in a nuclear reactor, whether it be the heart of a star or a power plant, a portion of them are radioactive and are referred to as radioisotopes. These radioisotopes break down over time, releasing energy and transforming into more stable forms in processes known as radioactive decay. 1
Annah Moore Part 1: Complete Labster lab: Nuclear Chemistry 1. Purpose: Describe in complete sentences and in your own words, the purpose of this experiment. -The purpose of the experiment was to be able to identify the subatomic particles and energies that are included in a nuclear reaction, understanding what half-life is, seeing the modes of radioactive decay, understanding how carbon dating works and applications of radioactive isotopes. 2. Observations: Record three observations from the simulation. I. We use half-life to estimate when a specific atom will decay. II. 2 equal charges repel each other. III. The distance that the nuclear force acts at is so small that this interaction only occurs inside the nucleus. 3. Complete the table below. Radiation type Affect on atomic number of product Affect on number of protons in product Affect on mass number of product Alpha particle Decreases by 2 Decreases by 2 Decreases by 4 Beta particle Increases by 1 Increases by 1 No change Gamma particle No change No change No change Positron Decreases by 1 Decreases by 1 No change Electron capture Decreases by 1 Decreases by 1 No change 4. In the space below, use X for the symbol of an element, Z for the atomic number and A for the mass number to write a general nuclide symbol. - A X Z 5. An isotope of strontium has 38 protons and 52 neutrons. What is the nuclide symbol for an atom of this isotope? 2
Annah Moore - # of protons= 38 - # of neutrons= 52 - Mass #: 38+52= 90 - Atomic #: # of protons= 38 - Element: Strontium (Sr) - Nuclide Symbol: 88 38 Sr 6. Write the nuclear equation for the gamma decay of fluorine-19. - 19 F 19 F + γ 7. Write the nuclear equation for the positron emission of sodium-23. - 23 11 Na o 1 e + 23 10 Ne 8. Suppose Potassium-41 undergoes electron capture. Write the nuclear equation that represents this process. - 41 19 K + o -1 e 41 18 Ar Part 2: Half-life and medical imaging Technetium-99m is an important isotope used in medical imaging (the m stands for metastable). Each day healthcare professionals around the world use Technetium-99m in thousands of medical scans. This material has a very short half-life of about 6 hours and decays by gamma decay to Technetium-99. In this exercise, you will look at why half-life is an important concern and how it affects your health. 9. Technetium-99m has a half-life of 6 hours. Use this to answer the following questions: a. What percentage of Technituum-99m would remain in your body 24 hours after injection with this radioisotope? Assume that the initial percentage is 100%. A = P (1/2) t/h A=amount remaining, P=original amount, t=elapsed time, and h= half-life let us assume the initial amount of technetium-99m is X. A=X(1/2) 24/6 = X/16 (remaining amount) (Remaining amount / initial amount) *100 (X/16) / (X) *100 = (1/16) *100 = 6.25% of the initial amount 3
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Annah Moore b. In terms of radiation exposure, why is this short half-life beneficial? - The short half-life of the technetium -99m is beneficial in terms of radiation exposure because it has various side effects like blurred vision, chest pain, or discomfort, dizziness, faintness, or irregular heartbeats when exposed for a longer time, due to short half-life it gets easily cleared quickly. 10.Due to the short half-life of Technetium-99m, this material cannot be easily transported. However, Technetium-99m can be formed from the beta decay of Molybdenum-99, which has a half-life of about 2.75 days. Unfortunately, the world’s supply of molybdenum-99 is in jeopardy as the nuclear facilities that produce this material are beginning to cease operations. Use this information to answer the following questions: a. Write the nuclear equation for the beta decay of Molybdenum-99. - 99 42 Mo – o -1 99 43 Te 99m 43 Te - -1 o 99 44 Ru b. If you have 50 grams of Molybdenum-99, how many grams will remain after 11 days? - 0.693 / K 2.45 = 0.693 / - (Decay constant) = 0.693 / 2.75 = 0.252 - t = (2.303 / ) (log) [N]. (original) / [N] (remaining) (11 = 2.303 / 0.252) (log 50/n) n = 3.12g c. Would a good solution to the coming shortage of Molybdenum-99 be for hospitals to stockpile large amounts of Molybdenum-99? Why or why not? - A large stockpile of Molybdenum-00 would not be a good idea due to its short half-life and unstable nature. It must be produced continuously at regular intervals of time and thus to avoid discontinuation of medical services. 4
Annah Moore Reflection: Choose any medical isotope besides the ones mentioned in exploration 2 and report on the uses, half-life, decay type(s), and any safety concerns. Be sure to cite your sources fully. - A medical isotope is Iodine-131 it is used to treat and diagnose patients that have cancer in their thyroid glands. This medical isotope comes in the form of a capsule or sometimes a liquid too so that it can be easily swallowed. Iodine- 131 can be easily dissolved in water or alcohol. When this isotope us combined with other elements it does not stay in its original form. Its half-life is 8.06 days, and the radioactive decay goes through gamma radiation and beta particles. Any external exposure to large amount of Iodine-131 can cause burns to the eyes and skin. Internal exposure can affect the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland uses this isotope to produce thyroid hormones and cannot distinguish between radioactive iodine and stable or nonradioactive iodine. If this isotope was released into the atmosphere, people could ingest it in food or water, or even breathe it in. Once inside the body, Iodine-131 will be absorbed by the thyroid gland exposing it to radiation and potentially increasing the risk for thyroid cancer or other thyroid problems due to over exposure of this isotope. References: - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). CDC radiation emergencies. - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022) from https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/emergencies/isotopes/iod ine.htm 5
Annah Moore Grading Rubric: Activity Deliverable Points Part I Complete Nuclear Chemistry Simulation 10 Part II/III Complete questions based on the scenario Purpose (1 point) Observation (3 points) Complete table (5 points) Questions (10 points) Reflection (6 points) 25 Total Complete all lab activities 35 6
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