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CHBE 484. Assignment 6 Due date: March 24, 2014 1. (25%) Waste inks are produced in the commercial printing industry, and can be recycled both on-site and off-site. For off-site recycling, waste inks are sent to the manufacturer where they are reformulated into black inks and then blend in some fresh black inks to obtain an acceptable black color. Even if the plant has to pay top dollars for the reformulated black ink, this option is still attractive since the cost of disposing waste inks will be eliminated. Another option is on-site recycling of waste inks. The waste inks can be reformulated on-site by purchasing a small ink recycler which can blend the waste inks with fresh inks. Following table compiles the data for the on-site and off-site recycling options based on a plant which generates 250 kg waste inks annually: a. The plant generates 250 kg of waste ink per year; b. The capital cost of the ink recycler is $6,000, with 10% annual return. c. Fresh ink requirement for on-site recycling is 200% of the waste ink amount; d. Fresh ink requirement for off-site recycling is 100% of the waste ink amount; e. The buy-back price of off-site reformulated ink is $6.00/kg f. Cost of buying additional fresh black ink is $4.00/kg Calculate the payback period for the on-site recycling option. The operating and maintenance costs resulting from on-site ink recycling is assumed to be negligible. 2. (25%) The cost and lifetime of a compact car without power trains, internal combustion engine, batteries and PEM fuel cells and their lifetimes are given in Table 4. Compare the life cycle cost of the three types of cars of a power train of 100 kw (~135 HP) based on their present values. With following assumptions: a. The average driving per year is 15,000 km b. Fuel consumption and fuel prices are given in Table 4 c. Low heating values are 45 MJ/kg for gasoline and 142 MJ/kg for hydrogen d. Density of gasoline is ~0.7 kg/L, and hydrogen is 0.083 kg/Nm
3
. e. Fuel cells are reused for other new cars during their life cycle. f. Annual interest rate is 10%, compounded annually. Table 4. Costs of cars, ICE engines, fuel cells and batteries Cost, $US Life cycle, km
Onboard fuel consumption Fuel cost, $US Car without engine 15,000 $/car
150,000 - - ICE engine 20 $/kw 150,000 2.3 MJ/km 0.60 $/L gas Batteries 200 $/kw 150,000 1.2 MJ/km 0.06 $/kw.hr PEM Fuel Cell 800 $/kw 1,500,000 1.5 MJ/km 10 $/GJ For the PEM fuel cell powered vehicle, calculate the incremental annualized cost if the lifetime of the PEM fuel cell is only 300,000 km, instead of 1,500,000 km. Then comment on whether you should pursue the option of prolonging the lifetime of fuel cells to reduce the annualized cost of fuel cell cars.
3. (25%) A limited life cycle audit and inventory identified following air emissions, see Table 2, for a typical 1.6 million standard cubic meter per day (Nm
3
/day) hydrogen plant. Table 2. Life cycle air emissions from a 1.6 million Nm
3
/day hydrogen plant. Pollutant Emission rate, g/kg of H
2
CO
2
10620 CO 5.7 CH
4
59.8 Non-methane hydrocarbons (60%wt C
2
H
6
, 40%wt C
3
H
8
) 16.8 Benzene (C
6
H
6
) 1.4 NO
2
12.3 N
2
O 0.04 Particulate 2.0 SO
2
9.5 Table 3. Global impact inventories Impacts Global warming kg CO
2
/year Acid formation kg SO
2
/year Smog formation kg C
2
H
4
/year Global inventory 3.77E13 2.86E11 3.74E9 Evaluate the overall environmental impact of annual air emissions from the hydrogen plant based on global warming, smog formation, acid rain formation using the normalization method. The global impact inventories are given in Table 3.
4. (25%) Compare the carbonylation of dinitrotoluene and the amine-phosgene routes for the production of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) based on atom economy and overall process raw material and product toxicity using PEL data. Amine-phosgene route: C
6
H
3
(CH
3
)(NH
2
)
2
+ 2COCl
2
= C
6
H
3
(CH
3
)(-N=C=O)
2
+ 4HCl Carbonylation of dinitrotoluene: C
6
H
3
(CH
3
)(NO
2
)
2
+6CO = C
6
H
3
(CH
3
)(-N=C=O)
2
+4CO
2
Compound Pounds consumed or produced per pound of TDI Permissible exposure limit (PEL) (mg/m
3
) AMINE-PHOSGENE ROUTE Toluene diamine Chlorobenzene Hydrochloric acid Phosgene TDI -0.76 -0.01 0.40 -1.26 1.00 0.1 350 7 0.4 0.14 CARBONYLATION ROUTE Dinitrotoluene Carbon monoxide TDI Carbon dioxide -1.04 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.5 55 0.14 9000
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The extraction of aluminum metal from the aluminum hydroxide found in bauxite by the Hall-Héroult process is one of the most remarkable success stories of
19th century chemistry, turning aluminum from a rare and precious metal into the cheap commodity it is today. In the first step, aluminum hydroxide reacts
to form alumina (Al₂O3) and water:
2Al(OH)3(s) → Al₂O3(s) + 3H₂O(g)
W
Microsoft
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Reaction sequence stoichiometry
Microsoft
6.52.210...
esc
In the second step, alumina (Al2O3) and carbon react to form aluminum and carbon dioxide:
2Al₂O3(s) + 3C(s) → 4Al(s) + 3 CO₂ (8)
Suppose the yield of the first step is 91.% and the yield of the second step is 85.%. Calculate the mass of aluminum hydroxide required to make 6.0 kg of
aluminum.
Be sure your answer has a unit symbol, if needed, and is rounded to the correct number of significant digits.
Explanation
Check
9,269
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x10
HH
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X
OCT
24
ロ・ロ
S
OOO
tv
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© 2022 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights…
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Application
14. Given the function f(x) = 3x3 - 48x find the following: (Round to 1 decimal place)
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]
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a 1.3*1013gb 5.3*1013gc 1.9*1013gd 7.6*1013g
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The extraction of aluminum metal from the aluminum hydroxide found in bauxite by the Hall-Héroult process is one of the most remarkable success stories of 19th century chemistry, turning aluminum from a rare and precious metal into the cheap commodity it is today. In the first step, aluminum hydroxide reacts to form alumina
Al2O3
and water:
2AlOH3s + Al2O3s -> 3H2Og
In the second step, alumina
Al2O3
and carbon react to form aluminum and carbon dioxide:
2Al2O3s + 3Cs + 4Als -> 3CO2g
Suppose the yield of the first step is
83.%
and the yield of the second step is
78.%
. Calculate the mass of aluminum hydroxide required to make
7.0kg
of aluminum.
Be sure your answer has a unit symbol, if needed, and is rounded to the correct number of significant digits.
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-
In the second step, alumina (Al,0,) and carbon react to form aluminum and carbon dioxide:
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4Al(s) + 3 CO, (g)
Suppose the yield of the first step is 82.% and the yield of the second step is 69.%. Calculate the mass of aluminum
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Be sure your answer has a unit symbol, if needed, and is rounded to the correct number of significant digits.
x10
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