CHO372 Exp 2 Week 2 Lab Report Form 2 copy

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Feb 20, 2024

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CHO372 Experiment 2 Week 2 Laboratory Report Form Student Name Briza Patel Student ID Number 113580229 I, (insert name) Briza Patel certify the following with regards to this submitted lab report and Seneca College Policy on Academic Honesty (Seneca Academic Policy 2019, Appendix E): I have not copied any work, in whole or in part, from another source, such as the Internet, journal articles or books, without reference to the original author or source cited in APA format I am not submitting work with misleading references or data that do not reflect the sources actually used. I am not submitting as my own any material done, in a whole or part, by someone else I have not knowingly helped another student to commit an act of cheating by letting him/her view my answers by lending my work or by working together on this report I am not submitting as my own, in whole or part, any work that is currently or has been previously graded in another course, without the prior permission of the professor, even if I was the original author Seneca College. (2019) Appendix E: Procedures for Enforcement Academic Honesty, Academic Honesty Offenses. Retrieved January 12, 2019 from http://www.senecacollege.ca/academic-policy/appe.html CHO372 Summer 2023 1 Edited by: Professor Paul O’Brien
Table 1 title: Refractive index measured and corrected at 20.0°C using MilliQ water for calibration. Trial Number Refractive Index Milli Q H 2 O Temperature of Measurement (°C ) Literature Refractive Index (@22°C ) Scale Correction 1 1.3304 23.0 1.3328 Lower 0.0024 2 1.3304 23.0 1.3328 Lower 0.0024 Average scale correction = (0.0024+ 0.0024)/ 2 = 0.0024 Therefore, add 0.0024 (2 marks total; 1 marks for table, 1 mark for sample calculation) Table 2 title: Refractive index of distilled liquid ( into separate 6 vials) measured, its scale corrected and temperature calibrated. Fraction number Measured refractive index Temperature of measurement (°C ) Refractive index corrected for scale calibration ( ) Refractive index corrected for both scale and temperature calibration (n 20 ) 1 1.3807 23.9 =1.3807+0.0024 =1.3831 1.3849 2 1.3807 23.9 1.3831 1.3849 3 1.3807 23.9 1.3831 1.3849 4 1.3807 23.9 1.3831 1.3849 5 1.3807 23.8 1.3831 1.3849 6 1.3807 23.8 1.3831 1.3849 Sample Calculation Refractive scale corrected an temperature corrected = 1.3831 + [(23.9-20.0) * 0.00045] = 1.384855 ~ 1.3849 (3 marks total;1 mark table 1 mark for Temperature correction calculation, 1 mark for correct application of both correction factors. Show calculations below table.) CHO372 Summer 2023 2 Edited by: Professor Paul O’Brien
Table 3 title: Chemical properties ( literature ) collected of straight chain alkanes Compound Name Number of carbon atoms Boiling point (°C ) Refractive index (n D t ) In Text Citation pentane 5 36.06 (7) 1.3575 n 20 1 hexane 6 68.72 (6) 1.3727 n 20 2 heptane 7 98.38 (7) 1.3855 n 20 3 octane 8 125.62 (10) 1.3944 n 20 4 (1 marks) Table 4 title: Literature boiling point and refractive index of branched alkanes observed Compound Name Number of carbon atoms Boiling Point (°C ) Refractive index (n D t ) In Text Citation hexane 6 68.72 (6) 1.3727 n 20 2 3-methylpentane 6 63.3 (5) 1.3765 n 20 5 2,3- dimethylbutane 6 58.0 (3) 1.3750 n 20 6 (1 mark) Table 5 title: Literature chemical properties observed for functional group attached to alkanes Compound Name Molar mass (g/mol) Boiling Point (°C ) Refractive index (n D t ) In Text Citation hexane 88 68.72 (6) 1.3727 n 25 2 2-pentanone 86 102.2 (1) 1.3895 n 20 7 1-pentanol 88 137.6 (4) 1.4101 n 20 8 (1 mark) Data Analysis: Include the following three graphs made using Excel and insert below: 1) graph of refractive index versus fraction number for the distilled liquid 2) graph of boiling point versus chain length (number of carbon atoms) for the straight-chain alkanes only (i.e. pentane, hexane, heptane and octane) 3) graph of refractive index versus chain length (number of carbon atoms) for the straight-chain alkanes only (9 marks total; 2.5 marks per graph) CHO372 Summer 2023 3 Edited by: Professor Paul O’Brien
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Answer the following questions. Be sure to reference the answers using correct APA format. 1) What is the observed effect that chain length (of a straight-chain alkane) has on boiling point? What causes this effect? (2 marks) The relationship of chain length of a straight chin alkane can be observed from graph(LibreTexts, 2023). As the number of carbon atoms increased, the boiling point also increased (LibreTexts, 2023). This is because in linear alkanes, the Van der Waals forces are the strongest and as the surface area of the molecules increase as the chain length gets bigger, these forces also get bigger, so the boiling point also becomes higher as these large molecules would require a lot of energy to get broken(LibreTexts, 2023). 2) Compare the boiling point of hexane to its branched isomers. What effect does branching have on boiling point? What causes this effect? (2 marks) The comparison of boiling point of hexane to its branched isomers ( 3-methyl pentane and 2,3- dimethylbutane ) can be observed from table 4 that as the molecule is becoming more branched, the boiling point is decreasing ( it goes from 63.6 °C to 58.0°C respectively) (LibreTexts, 2023). This is because with the branches increasing, the surface area of the molecule reduces an the distance increases for the dispersion forces to act strongly which only operate over short distances (LibreTexts, 2023). Thus, not much energy is required, therefore boiling point is decreased (LibreTexts, 2023). 3) Compare the boiling points of hexane, 1-pentanol and 2-pentanone. Explain the observed trend in the data. (2 marks) The boiling point of hexane (linear alkane) is 68.7 °C. While, the boiling point of 1-pentanol ( OH group attached to alkane) is 137.6°C and for 2-pentanone is 102.2 °C. The lowest boiling point of hexane indicates only weak dispersion forces, while, in 2- pentanone, there is dipole -dipole intermolecular forces which are relatively stronger than dispersion forces (Langdon, 2023). But in alcohol ( 1- pentanol), there is hydrogen bonding in addition , which is the strongest amongst all, therefore, it has the highest boiling point (Langdon, 2023). 4) Compare the refractive indices of the straight chain alkanes. What effect does chain length have on refractive index? (1 mark) As the chain length of straight chin alkanes increases, that is, number of carbon atoms, the refractive index also increases. (Rumble, 2023) CHO372 Summer 2023 4 Edited by: Professor Paul O’Brien
5) Compare the refractive indices of hexane and its branched isomer. What effect does branching have on refractive index values? Do isomers have the same refractive index values? (2 marks) According to the table 4, the refractive index of hexane is 1.3727, of 3-methylpentane is 1.3765 and of 2,3- dimethybutane is 1.3750 (Rumble, 2023). It can be observed that branching does not have a major effect on the values of refractive index unlike the boiling point (Rumble, 2023). Therefore, it can be said that isomers have almost same or very close values of refractive index (Rumble, 2023). 6) Using your data from Week 1 and Week 2 identify your unknown compound, then rationalize or explain your conclusion using data values (1.5 marks) . From the data collected, Week 1 data shows the average boiling temperature of the unknown, the temperature range of unknown is from 95°C to 98°C. And from week 2, the refractive index of unknown is 1.3849. From both the data, it can be concluded that the unknown compound can be heptane due to its literature boiling point ( 98.38° C) being close to the unknown boiling point and its refractive index 1.3855 being close to 1.3849. Thus, the unknown is heptane. References (APA Format) (2 marks) 1. Pentane. (2023). In J. Rumble (Ed.), CRC handbook of chemistry and physics online (104 th ed.), CRC Press. https://hbcp-chemnetbase-com.libaccess.senecapolytechnic.ca/contents/ InteractiveTable.xhtml?dswid=-2983 2. Hexane. (2023). In J. Rumble (Ed.), CRC handbook of chemistry and physics online (104 th ed.), CRC Press. https://hbcp-chemnetbase-com.libaccess.senecapolytechnic.ca/contents/ InteractiveTable.xhtml?dswid=-2983 3. Heptane. (2023). In J. Rumble (Ed.), CRC handbook of chemistry and physics online (104 th ed.), CRC Press. https://hbcp-chemnetbase-com.libaccess.senecapolytechnic.ca/contents/ InteractiveTable.xhtml?dswid=-2983 4. Octane. (2023). In J. Rumble (Ed.), CRC handbook of chemistry and physics online (104 th ed.), CRC Press. https://hbcp-chemnetbase-com.libaccess.senecapolytechnic.ca/contents/InteractiveTable.xhtml? dswid=-2983 5. 3-methylpentane. (2023). In J. Rumble (Ed.), CRC handbook of chemistry and physics online (104 th ed.), CRC Press. https://hbcp-chemnetbase-com.libaccess.senecapolytechnic.ca/contents/ InteractiveTable.xhtml?dswid=-2983 6. 2,3-dimethylbutane. (2023). In J. Rumble (Ed.), CRC handbook of chemistry and physics online (104 th ed.), CRC Press. https://hbcp-chemnetbase-com.libaccess.senecapolytechnic.ca/contents/ InteractiveTable.xhtml?dswid=-2983 CHO372 Summer 2023 5 Edited by: Professor Paul O’Brien
7. 2-pentanone. (2023). In J. Rumble (Ed.), CRC handbook of chemistry and physics online (104 th ed.), CRC Press. https://hbcp-chemnetbase-com.libaccess.senecapolytechnic.ca/contents/ InteractiveTable.xhtml?dswid=-2983 8. 1-pentanol. (2023). In J. Rumble (Ed.), CRC handbook of chemistry and physics online (104 th ed.), CRC Press. https://hbcp-chemnetbase-com.libaccess.senecapolytechnic.ca/contents/ InteractiveTable.xhtml?dswid=-2983 9. LibreTexts. (2023). Properties of alkanes. https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/68894 10. Langdon, S. (2023). Introduction to organic chemistry. Pressbooks. Retrieved February 5, 2024 from https://openpress.usask.ca/intro-organic-chemistry/front-matter/introduction/ 11. Rumble J. R. (2023). CRC handbook of chemistry and physics online. (104 th ed.). CRC Press. Retrieved February 5, 2024 from https://hbcp-chemnetbase-com.libaccess.senecapolytechnic.ca/contents/ InteractiveTable.xhtml?dswid=-2983 12. Seneca school of biological Sciences and applied chemistry (2024). Pre-lab guide. Learn@seneca https://learn.senecapolytechnic.ca Lab Report Grade /28 Lab Notebook Pages (neatness/completeness) /3 Skills (recorded during lab) /4 Total /35 CHO372 Summer 2023 6 Edited by: Professor Paul O’Brien
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