lab b

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Michigan State University *

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410

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Chemistry

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Feb 20, 2024

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LAB B – INSULATION TEST OBJECTIVE: Insulation tests are performed on packaging materials to make sure they can maintain a constant temperature and keep heat or cold from entering or leaving the container, especially when it comes to temperature-sensitive goods. The test assists in determining the packaging material's insulating capabilities and its capacity to safeguard the goods during storage and transit. In the "ice melt test," a particular kind of insulation test, the rate of ice melting inside a package containing frozen or liquefied gel packs is measured. By performing this test, it will be possible to assess how well ice melt rate predictions are made by formulas and determine the effects of package size and shape on melt rate. In the end, the insulation test is crucial to safeguard goods that need to be kept at specific temperatures throughout shipping, such food, and pharmaceuticals, from temperature swings that can jeopardize their quality, efficacy, or safety. Manufacturers and distributors can make sure that their products are carried and stored in a way that conforms with laws and standards for temperature-controlled shipping and storage by assessing the insulating properties of the packaging material. The ability of packaging materials to maintain the necessary temperature range for temperature-sensitive items during transit and storage is crucially assessed by insulation tests in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Insulation tests are used to make that the packaging material offers sufficient thermal protection to stop temperature excursions that could jeopardize the product's safety, effectiveness, or quality. Manufacturers and distributors can comply with laws and requirements for temperature-controlled shipping and storage and ensure that their products are delivered in top condition by conducting insulation testing on the packaging material. PROCEDURE: As a starting point, note the number of hours between inserting the ice bottle into the package and the test's conclusion. Using a digital infrared thermometer to measure the freezer and room temperatures, note the temperatures within the freezer and outside the insulated packaging. Read the thermometer probes for the first package next to note the cooler's interior temperature. Take the bottle out of the packaging and measure the side of the bottle with the IR thermometer. To measure the water volume and convert it to weight, open the bottle and pour all of the water into a graduated cylinder. Pour the melted water back into the container and shut it after figuring out the initial weight of the ice in the bottle. Repeat the above procedures for Packages 2-4 after noting the inner measurements and wall thickness of Package 1 in inches. The bottle's measurements, which are listed in inches, should then be recorded.

LAB B – INSULATION TEST

LAB B – INSULATION TEST DATA, ANALYSIS, AND OBSERVATIONS: Record the TEST TIME here (hours): 27 Record the FREEZER TEMPERATURE here ( 0 F): 4 0 F Record the ROOM TEMPERATURE here ( 0 F): 71.2 0 F Record the UPPER PACKAGE 1 TEMPERATURE here ( 0 F): 48 0 F Record the LOWER PACKAGE 1 TEMPERATURE here ( 0 F): 43 0 F Calculate the Δ ( 0 F) 5 0 F Record the BOTTLE 1 TEMPERATURE here ( 0 F): 35 0 F Record the MEASURED WATER VOLUME here (mL): 860 mL Record the CALCULATED WATER WEIGHT here (lbs.): 1.90 lbs. Record the STARTING ICE WEIGHT here (lbs.): 4.18 lbs. Record the INSIDE DIMENSIONS here (in.): L : 12 in W : 12 in D : 11.5 in Record the PACKAGE 1 WALL THICKNESS here (in.): 2 in Record the UPPER PACKAGE 2 TEMPERATURE here ( 0 F): 51 0 F Record the LOWER PACKAGE 2 TEMPERATURE here ( 0 F): 41 0 F Calculate the Δ ( 0 F) 10 0 F Record the BOTTLE 2 TEMPERATURE here ( 0 F): 33.6 0 F Record the MEASURED WATER VOLUME here (mL): 1000 mL Record the CALCULATED WATER WEIGHT here (lbs.): 2.20 lbs. Record the UPPER PACKAGE 3 TEMPERATURE here ( 0 F): 56 0 F Record the LOWER PACKAGE 3 TEMPERATURE here ( 0 F): 32 0 F Calculate the Δ ( 0 F) 24 0 F Record the BOTTLE 3 TEMPERATURE here ( 0 F): 33.2 0 F Record the MEASURED WATER VOLUME here (mL): 380 mL

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LAB B – INSULATION TEST Record the CALCULATED WATER WEIGHT here (lbs.): 0.84 lbs. Record the INSIDE DIMENSIONS here (in.): L : 5 in W : 5 in D : 14.5 in Record the PACKAGE 3 WALL THICKNESS here (in.): 2.25 in Record the MEASURED WATER VOLUME here (mL): 380 mL Record the CALCULATED WATER WEIGHT here (lbs.): 0.84 lbs. Record the INSIDE DIMENSIONS here (in.): L : 7 in W : 8 in D : 19 in Record the PACKAGE 4 WALL THICKNESS here (in.): 3.5 in CYLINDRICAL BOTTLE DIMENSIONS (in.) RADIUS: 2.35 in H: 8 in RECTANGULAR BOTTLE DIMENSIONS (in.) L: 6 in W: 3.2 in D: 8 in Record the UPPER PACKAGE 4 TEMPERATURE here ( 0 F): 59 Record the LOWER PACKAGE 4 TEMPERATURE here ( 0 F): 43 Calculate the Δ ( 0 F) 16

LAB B – INSULATION TEST THEORETICAL MELT RATE CALCULATIONS: Surface area: A = 2(𝐿∗𝑊+𝐿∗𝐷+𝑊∗𝐷) 144 Package 1 & 2 surface area A = 2(12∗12+12∗11.5+12∗11.5) 144 = 5.83 ft 2 Package 3 surface area A = 2(5∗5+5∗14.5+5∗14.5) 144 = 2.36 ft 2 Package 4 surface area A = 2(7∗8+7∗19+8∗19) 144 = 4.73 ft 2 Package Factor: ? = ? ( ? ∗ ?ℎ ) + 4.5 Package 1 & 2: ? = 5.83 (3.8 ∗ 2.25 ) + 4.5 = 0.481 Package 3: ? = 2.36 (3.8 ∗ 2.25 ) + 4.5 = 0.180 Record the INSIDE SURFACE AREA of PACKAGE 1 and 2 here (ft 2 ): 5.83 Record the INSIDE SURFACE AREA of PACKAGE 3 here (ft 2 ): 2.36 Record the INSIDE SURFACE AREA of PACKAGE 4 here (ft 2 ): 4.73

LAB B – INSULATION TEST Package 4: ? = 4.73 ( 3.8 ∗ 3.5 ) + 4.5 = 0.265 ? = 𝑙? ( ???𝑀 ??𝑀???????? ℉ − ??????? ??𝑀???????? ℉ ???𝑀 ??𝑀???????? ℉ − 32 ℉ ) = ln [ (71.2 - 4) / (71.2 - 32)] = ln (65.2/39.2) = ln (1.66) = 0.506 WARM UP TIME CALCULATIONS: 𝑾??? ?? ???? (???. ) = (???????? ??? 𝑾????? (𝒍??. )) ∗ ( ? ? ) Package 1 & 2 = 4.18 (lbs.) * 0.506 / 0.481 = 4.39 (hrs.) Package 3 = 4.18 * 0.506 / 0.180 = 11.75 Package 4 = 4.18 * 0.506 / 0.265 = 7.98 Record the PACKAGE FACTOR, P, of PACKAGE 1 and 2 here: 0.481 Record the PACKAGE FACTOR, P, of PACKAGE 3 here: 0.180 Record the PACKAGE FACTOR, P, of PACKAGE 4 here: 0.265 Record the WARMUP TIME of PACKAGES 1 and 2 here (hours): 4.39 Record the WARMUP TIME of PACKAGE 3 here (hours): 11.75 Record the WARMUP TIME of PACKAGE 4 here (hours): 7.98

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LAB B – INSULATION TEST MELT TIME CALCULATIONS: ???? ???? ( ℎ?? .) = ???? ???? ( ℎ?? .) − 𝑾??? ?? ???? ( ℎ?? .) 1. Melt time for package 1 & 2 = 27 – 4.39 = 22.61 2. Melt time for package 3 = 27 – 11.75 = 15.25 3. Melt time for package 4 = 27 – 7.98 = 19.02 Record the MELT TIME of PACKAGES 1 and 2 here (hours): 22.61 Record the MELT TIME of PACKAGE 3 here (hours): 15.25 Record the MELT TIME of PACKAGE 4 here (hours): 19.02 ICE MELT AMOUNT CALCULATIONS: ??? ???? ??????(𝑙??. ) = ( ? ∗ (???? ??????????? ℉ − 32 ℉) ∗ ???? ???? 144 ) 1. Ice melt amount for package 1 & 2, = ( ?. ??? ∗ (??. ? ℉ − 32 ℉) ∗ ??. ?? 144 ) = 2.96 2. Ice melt amount for package 3, = ( 0.180 ∗ (??. ? ℉ − 32 ℉) ∗ 15.25 144 ) = 0. 75 3. Ice melt amount for package 4, = ( ?. ??? ∗ (??. ? ℉ − 32 ℉) ∗ 19.02 144 ) = 1. 37 Record the AMOUNT of ICE THAT MELTED in PACKAGES 1 and 2 here (lbs.): 2. 96 Record the AMOUNT of ICE THAT MELTED in PACKAGE 3 here (lbs.): 0. 75 Record the AMOUNT of ICE THAT MELTED in PACKAGE 4 here (lbs.): 1. 37

LAB B – INSULATION TEST Record the DIFFERENCE IN MELTED ICE in PACKAGE 3 here 0.75 – 0.84 (lbs.): = 0.09 Record the DIFFERENCE IN MELTED ICE in PACKAGE 4 here 1.37 – 0.84 (lbs.): = 0.53 CONCLUSION AND APPLICATION Insulation testing is crucial for packaging design, particularly for products requiring temperature control. The ice melt test is frequently employed to gauge a product's thermal performance and foretell how well it will be protected during transport and storage. By enhancing packaging designs, testing ensures that goods are delivered to clients in the best possible condition, minimizes waste, and lowers costs. Testing for insulation is crucial for temperature-sensitive products like food and medicines. Businesses should carefully assess their packaging to ensure that it offers the required insulation and protection. Overall, insulation testing is essential for packaging to ensure the quality and safety of the goods during transit. Record the DIFFERENCE IN MELTED ICE in PACKAGE 1 here 2.96 – 1.9 (lbs.): = 1.06 Record the DIFFERENCE IN MELTED ICE in PACKAGE 2 here 2.96 – 2.20 (lbs.): = 0.76

LAB B – INSULATION TEST LAB B QUESTIONS 1. Describe the test packages. The test package is made of insulated polystyrene foam with single wall corrugated fiberboard box from inside. The testing product was placed in this polystyrene foam box. 2. What are the "package factors", P, for each package? Show your calculations. Package Factor: ? = ? ( ? ∗ ?ℎ ) + 4.5 Package 1 & 2: ? = 5.83 (3.8 ∗ 2.25 ) + 4.5 = 0.481 Package 3: ? = 2.36 (3.8 ∗ 2.25 ) + 4.5 = 0.180 Package 4: ? = 4.73 ( 3.8 ∗ 3.5 ) + 4.5 = 0.265

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LAB B – INSULATION TEST 3. The temperature of the bottle is not used in the calculations but can be used to determine where the product is in the thaw process. Reference and based on the bottle temperatures recorded, estimate where in the thaw process packages 1, 2, 3, and 4 were. We can estimate the thawing status of each package using the supplied temperature data of the bottles. Although it is unknown how far along it is in the thawing process, Bottle 1 has surpassed the ice melting point and is therefore doing so. While bottles 2, 3, and 4 have not yet melted to the level of ice due to their lower temperatures which are still below 32°F they are still in the process of doing so. These temperature readings are helpful for tracking how the ice within the packages is thawing out, and they may be used to calculate how long it will take for the ice to melt completely. 4. What is the theoretical warmup time (hours) for this amount of ice in each package? Show your calculations. ? = 𝑙? ( ???𝑀 ??𝑀???????? ℉ − ??????? ??𝑀???????? ℉ ???𝑀 ??𝑀???????? ℉ − 32 ℉ ) = ln [ (71.2 - 4) / (71.2 - 32)] = ln (65.2/39.2) = ln (1.66) = 0.506 WARM UP TIME (hrs.) = (STARTING ICE WEIGHT (lbs.)) *(Q/P) Package 1 & 2 = 4.18 (lbs.) * 0.506 / 0.481 = 4.39 (hrs.) Package 3 = 4.18 * 0.506 / 0.180 = 11.75 (hrs.) Package 4 = 4.18 * 0.506 / 0.265 = 7.98 (hrs.) 5. In theory, how many pounds of ice should have melted in each package? Show your calculations. ??? ???? ??????(𝑙??. ) = ( ? ∗ (???? ??????????? ℉ − 32 ℉) ∗ ???? ???? 144 ) 1. Ice melt amount for package 1 & 2, = ( ?. ??? ∗ (??. ? ℉ − 32 ℉) ∗ ??. ?? 144 ) = 2.96

LAB B – INSULATION TEST 2. Ice melt amount for package 3, = ( 0.180 ∗(??.? ℉−32 ℉)∗15.25 144 ) = 0. 75 3. Ice melt amount for package 4, = ( ?.???∗(??.? ℉−32 ℉)∗19.02 144 ) = 1. 37 6. How do your answers to question 5 compare to the actual amount of ice that melted in each package? List at least three reasons for the difference between the theoretical amount of ice that should have melted with the actual amounts that did melt. Note: Try to think more critically than “The sample was probably wrong” (unlikely) or “we probably messed up measuring things” (also unlikely) ??? ???? ??????(𝑙??. ) = ( ? ∗ (???? ??????????? ℉ − 32 ℉) ∗ ???? ???? 144 ) 1. Ice melt amount for package 1 & 2, = ( ?. ??? ∗ (??. ? ℉ − 32 ℉) ∗ ??. ?? 144 ) = 2.96 2. Ice melt amount for package 3, = ( 0.180 ∗ (??. ? ℉ − 32 ℉) ∗ 15.25 144 ) = 0. 75 3. Ice melt amount for package 4, = ( ?. ??? ∗ (??. ? ℉ − 32 ℉) ∗ 19.02 144 ) = 1. 37 Record the AMOUNT of ICE THAT MELTED in PACKAGES 1 and 2 here (lbs.): 2. 96 Record the AMOUNT of ICE THAT MELTED in PACKAGE 3 here (lbs.): 0. 75 Record the AMOUNT of ICE THAT MELTED in PACKAGE 4 here (lbs.): 1. 37

LAB B – INSULATION TEST Record the DIFFERENCE IN MELTED ICE in PACKAGE 3 here 0.75 – 0.84 (lbs.): = 0.09 Record the DIFFERENCE IN MELTED ICE in PACKAGE 4 here 1.37 – 0.84 (lbs.): = 0.53 Reasons for the difference between the theoretical amount of ice that should have melted with the actual amounts that did melt. 1. Differences in insulation quality: Even though the same insulation material is used for all the packages, the conditions during production, handling, or storage may cause the insulation quality to change amongst the packages. This might result in variations in the rate at which heat is passed through the package's walls, which would impact how much ice melts. 2. Variations in package size and form: The ice's ability to absorb heat can be significantly influenced by the size and shape of the box. Because a larger package may have a larger surface area than a smaller one, it may be able to absorb more heat, which would result in more ice melting. Like how a different- shaped box could have some sections that are insulated than others, resulting in uneven heat flow and thus varying ice melt rates. 3. Differences in the initial temperature: Even though all the packages were put in the same freezer at the same temperature, there might have been a few small temperature changes inside the freezer. The rate at which the ice melts could vary if the initial temperature of the ice in each packet was somewhat varied. The air temperature outside the package may also change somewhat, which could have an impact on the rate of heat transfer and, consequently, the pace of ice melting. 7. Which package allowed the ice to melt faster? Package three allowed the ice to melt faster Record the DIFFERENCE IN MELTED ICE in PACKAGE 1 here 2.96 – 1.9 (lbs.): = 1.06 Record the DIFFERENCE IN MELTED ICE in PACKAGE 2 here 2.96 – 2.20 (lbs.): = 0.76

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LAB B – INSULATION TEST 8. Even though they both contained the same amount of ice, how did the shape of the bottles used in packages 1 and 2 affect the melt rate? Use, ?????? ????𝒍? ??????? ???? = ?(? ∗ 𝑾 + ? ∗ ? + 𝑾 ∗ ?) ??? ?𝒚𝒍????? ??????? ???? ?𝝅?? + ?𝝅? ? ??? to calculate the surface areas (ft 2 ) of the two bottles (show your calculations). Use the given dimensions of each bottle. ?????? ????𝑙? ??????? ???? = 2(6 ∗ 3.2 + 6 ∗ 8 + 3.2 ∗ 8) 144 ?????? ????𝑙? ??????? ???? = 1.28 ???? ?????? ?𝑦𝑙𝑖???? ??????? ???? 2𝜋 ∗ 2.35 ∗ 8 + 2𝜋(2.35) 2 144 ?𝑦𝑙𝑖???? ??????? ???? = 1.06 ???? ?????? 9. Why did the thermometers inside each package read a temperature higher than the temperature of the ice/water mix? What was the difference in the temperature readings taken between the upper and lower temperature probes for packages 1, 2, 3, and 4? How would this effect decisions on product placement and gel pack placement when trying to keep the product cold? Because they are monitoring the temperature of the air inside the package, which is being heated by the ice as it melts, the thermometers inside each package read a temperature higher than the temperature of the ice/water combination. The temperature gradient inside each package is represented by the difference between the measurements obtained from the upper and lower temperature probes for packages 1, 2, 3, and 4. The air near the top of the package, where the upper temperature probe is located, is normally warmer than the air near the bottom of the package, where the lower temperature probe is situated. When attempting to keep the product cold, this temperature gradient can have a substantial impact on product placement and gel pack placement. Place the product closer to the bottom of the packaging, where the temperature is lower, if it is more heat sensitive. If the product is less heat-sensitive, on the other hand, it can be put closer to the top of the packaging, where the temperature is higher. In order to reduce the temperature differential inside the packaging and maintain a more constant temperature for the product, gel packs should be strategically positioned.