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Qualitative Analysis of Ions Ulani Rizo January 31, 2024
Ulani Rizo Qualitative Analysis of Ions Page of 2
9
CHM 113 POST-LAB Qualitative Analysis of Ions 1.
Insert ONE picture of yourself in full PPE here (
include acetic acid
). **Remember to (1) show your full body so that we see you are wearing shoes; (2) wear your safety glasses, buttoned lab coat and gloves; (3) cover your lower legs (socks are not optional, even in Arizona); (4) tie back long hair in a ponytail or a bun; (5) remove jewelry. Full PPE with Acetic Acid
Ulani Rizo Qualitative Analysis of Ions Page of 3
9
2.
Complete Table 1
based on the pH Test Strip tests that you performed in Part 1
of the experiment. 3.
Complete Table 2
based on the qualitative tests you performed in Parts 2A – 2D
in the experiment. The “indicator” in Table 2 is what you added to the known or unknown solution to test for the presence of the listed ion that resulted in the final observation. The indicator is NOT one of the 4 unknown ion solutions.
4.
For each of the ion tests for known solutions in Table 2
(Parts 2A – 2D in the experiment), what type (or class) of reaction
occurred? Hint: Refer to the reaction classes discussed in Sections 4.2 and 4.3 in your text. CO
3
2-
___________metathesis_______________________ SO
4
2-
___________precipitate________________________ PO
4
3-
___________precipitate________________________ Table 1: Test Strip Results of OH
-
and H
+
Solution Type
pH Test Strip Color
pH
Acid or Base?
Acetic Acid
Yellow
5
Acid
Sodium Bicarbonate
Green
8
Base
Table 2: Test Results
Solution Type Indicator Observations Initial
Final
Carbonate Ion
Bubbles
Clear solution
Clear solution with bubbles
Sulfate Ion
PPT
Clear Solution
White solution/ppt
Phosphate Ion
PPT present
Clear solution
White solution/ppt
Calcium Ion
PPT present
Clear solution
White ppt
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Ulani Rizo Qualitative Analysis of Ions Page of 4
9
Ca
2+
___________precipitate________________________ 5.
In this lab, you performed numerous qualitative tests (results are in Tables 1 and 2 above) that were then used to determine the identity of an unknown ion in solution. Fill in the table below
with the results of your tests on your unknown solution. Note: The unknown solution can only contain ONE of the three ions (carbonate, sulfate, or phosphate)
. Only one of the tests should be positive
.
To have a positive result, the observation should match the observation you noted in Table 2 for that particular test. •
Also, prior to testing, the unknown solution should be clear; if it is cloudy you may get inaccurate results 6.
Considering your observations for a positive result (indicated in Question 3) and your results for the unknown solution in Question 5, how would you know if a qualitative test was
negative for an ion? Use one of your negative results from Table 3 compared to a positive result from Table 2 as an example to explain (in 2 - 3 sentences).
7.
What is the identity of the ion in the unknown solution? Explain (in 2 – 3 sentences) using your results from Table 3 as evidence. Table 3: ‘Determination of Unknown’ Results
Carbonate Ion Test Sulfate Ion Test Phosphate Ion Test Observation
s
Clear Solution
White PPT
Clear Solution
Result: Positive or Negative?
Negative
Positive
Negative
When testing for a carbonate ion, you would apply acetic acid to indicate its presence. In table two when the acetic acid cam in contact with the carbonate it immediately began to bubble, releasing Carbon Dioxide gas. In table three we can see that when testing the unknown solution for the carbonate ion it did not have any bubble formation associated with the released of CO2 gas, therefore it is negative for possessing the carbonate ion.
Ulani Rizo Qualitative Analysis of Ions Page of 5
9
Unknown ion ___________________________ The identity of ion in the unknown solution is a sulfate ion. Unfortunately we were not given all the materials to perform this test however, both of the other tests I did came out negative and the lab procedure tells us that one of the test HAS to be positive, and the sample data shows us that the test came out positive for the sulfate ion.
Ulani Rizo Qualitative Analysis of Ions Page of 6
9
8.
Identify and discuss TWO
sources of error (
using 2 -3 sentences each
) for this experiment. How could you mitigate error for this experiment if you conducted it again? (“Human error” is NOT an acceptable source of error—be specific!)
9.
Identify the equations
below as a molecular equation (
M
), a complete ionic equation (
CI
), OR a net ionic equation (
NI
). a.
__M__ AgNO
3
(aq) + NaCl
(aq) AgCl (s) + NaNO
3
(aq) b.
__M__
Na
2
CO
3
(aq) +2 HCl (aq) 2 NaCl (aq) + CO
2
(g) + H
2
O (l) c.
__NI__
Pb
2+
(aq)
+ S
2- (aq) PbS (s) d.
__CI__
Ca
2+
(aq) + 2 Cl
-
(aq) + 2 Na
+
(aq)
+ CO
3
2-
(aq) CaCO
3
(s) + 2Na
+
(aq) + 2 Cl
-
(aq)
e.
__NI__
OH
-
(aq) + H
+
(aq) H
2
O (l) Error Source #1: No reaction occurring in the beginning between acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate due to poor dilution of the sodium bicarbonate in the distilled water. This could cause the solution to not be fully prepared for this experiment. Error Source #2: Mixing the wrong chemicals for any parts of the lab, causing for a false negative result. This could happen due to lack of focus or labeling. How to mitigate error: Make sure all solutions are fully prepared and ready before beginning any tests. For example ensuring that the sodium bicarbonate is fully dissolved into the solution. And ensuring that you label everything and focus on what chemicals are going where. →
→
→
→
→
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Ulani Rizo Qualitative Analysis of Ions Page of 7
9
10. Imagine that the unknown solution contains aqueous ammonium sulfate, which is commonly used in fertilizer. For the precipitation of barium sulfate after mixing aqueous ammonium sulfate solution and barium chloride solution (the reactants), write
the (1) balanced molecular equation, (2) the complete ionic equation, (3) the net ionic equation AND identify
the spectator ions, if any. Be sure to include the correct formulas for each compound, stoichiometric coefficients, and physical states.
Hint: Refer to the solubility rules in the Introductory Materials page to determine the physical states of the products. Molecular Equation: Complete Ionic Equation: Spectator Ions: _____NH4(+1)_______ ______Cl(-)______ NONE Net Ionic Equation: BaCl2 (aq) + (NH4)2SO4 (s) →
BaSO4 (s) + 2NH4Cl (aq)
Ba(+2) [aq] + 2Cl(-1)[aq] + 2NH4(+1)[aq] +SO4(-2)[aq] →
BaSO4[s] + 2NH4(+1)[aq] + 2Cl(-1)[aq]
Ba(+2)[aq] + So4(-2)[aq] →
BaSO4 [s]
Ulani Rizo Qualitative Analysis of Ions Page of 8
9
11. Imagine that the unknown solution contains potassium bicarbonate, which is frequently used as a pH buffering agent in foods and medications, and like sodium bicarbonate, will react with an acid. For the reaction between potassium bicarbonate solution and acetic acid solution (the reactants), write
the (1) balanced molecular equation, (2) the complete ionic equation, (3) the net ionic equation AND identify
the spectator ions, if any. Be sure to include the correct formulas for each compound, stoichiometric coefficients, and physical states.
Hint: For guidance, refer to the equation shown at the beginning of Part 2 of the Procedure, the reaction between sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid. The products for the reaction in Question 11 will be analogous to the products in the reference equation.
Molecular Equation: Complete Ionic Equation: Spectator Ion(s): ______K+______ ____________ NONE Net Ionic Equation: 12. Putting it all together! You ordered two chemicals, calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate, but the labels fell off in transit! How could you determine, using the qualitative tests and methods you used in this lab, which chemical is which
?
KHCO3(aq) + HC2H3O2(aq) →
KC2H3O2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
K(+1)[aq] + HCO3(-1)[aq] + HC2H3O2(aq) →
K(+1)[aq] + C2H3O2(-1)[aq] +CO2(g) +H2O(l)
HCO3(-1)[aq]+HC2H3O2[aq] →
C2H3O2(-1)[aq] + CO2(g)+ H2O(l)
Ulani Rizo Qualitative Analysis of Ions Page of 9
9
We could figure out which chemical is which by conducting the following procedure. 1. Take a small amount of each chemical and place them into their own test tube. 2. Add a small amount of distilled water and swirl the test tube or stir with a stirring rod to ensure they are fully mixed. 3. View the results. The sodium carbonate should remain clear since NaCO3 is an aqueous solution. Calcium Carbonate is insoluble in water and therefore would produce a precipitate in water.
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View Available Hint(s)
pK, = 4.06
Submit
Previous Answers
v Correct
Conjugate pairs
At 25 °C, for any conjugate acid-base pair
рК, + pК, — 14.00
Part B
What is pK, of the conjugate base of X-281? (Assume 25 °C.)
Express your answer numerically.
• View Available Hint/s)
)
?
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Initial (M)
Change (M)
Equilibrium (M)
-0.0829
C6H5CH₂COOH(aq) +
0
1
0.428
0.0850
-0.428
2.68
H₂O(l)
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that exhibit different colors over a specific pH range. Examples of indicators and the associated
colors are shown below.
pH Range and Colors
1 2 3
Indicator
4
6
7
Bromcresol green
|Congo Red
Methyl Yellow
Thymol Blue
Methyl Violet
pH Range and Colors
Indicator
2
3
4
5
7
Bromcresol green
yellow
Oblue
Congo Red
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Jorange-red
Dyellow
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blue
red
red
yellow
Oviolet
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1
Initial (M)
Change (M)
Equilibrium (M)
-9
-2.50 × 10-⁹
up for additional resources
Determine the Kb for a base by constructing an ICE table and using
this information to construct and solve the equilibrium constant
expression. Complete Parts 1-2 before submitting your answer.
The pH for a 0.0160 M solution of CH3C6H4NH₂ is 8.600. Fill in the ICE table with
the appropriate value for each involved species to determine the unknown
concentrations of all reactants and products.
0
CH3C6H4NH₂(aq)
100
3.98 x 10-6
1
0.0160
Question 21 of 26
-3.98 x 10-6
+
10
8.60
H₂O(l)
5.4
-8.60
2
-5.4
OH (aq)
JU
0.93
NEXT >
-0.93
+ CH3C6H4NH3(aq)
✓ RESET
-9
2.50 x 10-⁹
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measured by indicators which are sensitive to pH.
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O 2022 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use Privacy C
へ
80 F
Cloudy
DELL
De
F12
PrtScr
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H,o'=
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Name
Formula
NH,
CHNH,
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C,H,NH,
HNNH,
HONH,
CHNH,
CHN
(ČH)N
1.8 x 10-5
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Amm onia
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Hydroxylamine
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Pyridine
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