Biopsychology Assignment 1- Halle Crampton

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May 24, 2024

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Halle Crampton Biopsychology Assignment 1 All the answers can be derived from your textbook’s Introduc@on and chapters 1.1, 1.2, & 2.1 This assignment is worth 25 points and consists of mul@ple choice, short answer, and a short essay. Please write the page(s) number from which you found the answer for each ques:on. The following ques@ons are mul@ple choice. Feel free to mark your answer any way you like. All mul@ple choice ques@ons are worth 1 point. 1. This type of glia plays a role in the learning process by removing the weakest synapses. (p.22) a) Radial glia b) Microglia c) Astrocytes 2. The tripar&te synapse hypothesis suggests that: (p.22) a) The @p of an axon can release chemicals that cause neighboring astrocytes to release their own chemicals, thus magnifying or modifying the message to the neuron. b) Glia outnumber neurons and therefore are more important. c) There is no difference between glia and neuroglia. d) Astrocytes can dilate blood vessels to bring more blood into brain areas that have heightened brain ac@vity. 3. Scien>sts believe that the purpose of the iridescent feathers of the peacocks is to a@ract mates during courtship. This type of explana>on is called: (p.7) a) Evolu@onary explana@on b) Physiological explana@on c) Func@onal explana@on d) Ontogene@c explana@on 4. There has been a long-standing debate about whether animal research is ethical and to the extent to which it should be regulated. Some people believe that animals should never, under any circumstance be used for scien>fic research, even if the research is highly useful and completely painless. Which of the following terms best describes these people? (p.11) a) Minimalists b) Terrorists c) Aboli@onists

d) Hippies 5. Many people do not realize that research laboratories, at least in the United States, must follow a legal standard that emphasizes “The Three R’s”. Which of the following choices contain the correct terms? (p.11) a) Reduc@on, Replacement, Refinement b) Reluctance, Reduc@on, Replacement c) Reduc@on, Replacement, Redirec@on d) Reluctance, Replacement, Refinement 6) Who was San>ago Ramon y Cajal? (p.19) a) He found a way to stain nerve cells with silver salts. b) He was only famous for his accurate drawings of the nervous system. c) He demonstrated that communica@on between different neurons differs from communica@on along a single neuron. d) He demonstrated that nerve cells remain separate instead of merging into one another. 7. What is the outcome of the sodium - potassium pump? (p.29) a) 3 sodium ions get transferred into the cell for every 2 potassium ions that get transferred out. b) 3 sodium ions get transferred out of the cell for every 2 potassium ions that get transferred in. c) 2 sodium ions get transferred out of the cell for every 3 potassium that get transferred in. d) 2 sodium ions get transferred into the cell for every 3 potassium ions that get transferred out. 8. The all-or-none law refers to: (p.32) a) The strength of the response of an ac@on poten@al is independent of the intensity of the s@mulus that ini@ated it, provided it reaches the threshold. b) The strength of the response of an ac@on poten@al is dependent on the intensity of the s@mulus that ini@ated it. c) The strength of a s@mulus does not play a role in the ini@a@on of an ac@on poten@al. d) Stronger s@muli cause larger ac@on poten@als while weaker s@muli cause smaller ac@on poten@als. 9. which of the following choices best describes the reﬂex arc? (p.42) a) It is the delay between sensory neuron to muscle response

b) It is the automa@c muscular response to a s@mulus c) It is the circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response d) It is the reﬂex that is only observed in dogs when their foot is pinched 10. Which of the following choices best describes spa>al summa>on? (p.45) a) The effect of synap@c inputs from different loca@ons combine to produce an ac@on poten@al. b) Closely repeated s@muli combined to produce an ac@on poten@al. c) The effect of synap@c inputs from different loca@ons cancel one another. d) The effect of synap@c inputs from the same loca@on combine to produce an ac@on poten@al. 11. Which of the following choices is not one of Sherrington’s observed proper>es of reﬂexes? (p.43) a) Reﬂexes are slower than conduc@on along an axon. b) When one set of muscles becomes excited, a different set becomes relaxed. c) Synapses between neurons explain the delay in muscle response. d) Several s@muli presented at nearby places or @mes produce a stronger reﬂex than one s@mulus alone 12. Not all neurons are created equal. There are neurons that do not have an axon; therefore they do not follow the all- or- none law. Which of the following best explains this type of neurons? (p.36) a) Interneurons b) Local neurons c) Motor neurons d) Unipolar neurons Short answers 1. Explain in a few sentences why prolonged thiamine deficiency leads to neuronal death. Do your best to answer in your own words. Worth 3 points (p.25) Neurons depend a lot on glucose, because it is the only nutrient that can cross the blood-brain barrier in large quan@@es. Glucose shortage is not usually an issue, except in starva@on, so the more likely issue arises from issues in using that glucose. The body must use vitamin B1, or thiamine, to breakdown glucose, so prolonged deficiency of thiamine leads to neuron deaths.

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2. Please explain in a few sentences the difference between the absolute refractory period and the rela>ve refractory period. Do your best to answer in your own words. Worth 3 points (p.36) The absolute refractory period differs from the rela@ve refractory period, because in the absolute refractory period the membrane cannot fire another impulse, no ma\er what. In the refractory period, the intensity of the s@mulus needed to produce an ac@on poten@al is higher, meaning it can fire an impulse, it just takes more to trigger that reac@on. Short essay In a few sentences describe propaga>on of an ac>on poten>al. Your answer should include the terms res>ng poten>al, depolariza>on, threshold, voltage- gated channels, sodium ions, potassium ions, and refractory period. Please keep your answer concise, a paragraph should suﬃce. Worth 7 points (p.33-36) When an ac@on poten@al occurs at any point on an axon, it is happening because enough sodium ions entered into the axon to depolarize it to its threshold and open its voltage-gated channels. These posi@vely charged sodium ions, normally located outside of the neuron, ﬂow in to make that point of the axon more posi@vely charged compared to the rest of the axon. The ions then ﬂow to the neighboring region and depolarize that area of the membrane, causing it to reach its threshold and open its voltage- gated sodium channels un@l it reaches peak ac@on poten@al. Once it reaches peak, the sodium grates snap shut and the cell enters a refractory period, where it will not produce another ac@on poten@al. The voltage-gated potassium channels remain open during depolariza@on, allowing potassium ions to ﬂow out of the axon and return the membrane to its original depolariza@on and restoring the res@ng poten@al.