MPhilFall2023-QR-Final-Examination-Khola_Anwar

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Shawnee Mission East High School Quick Submit Quick Submit MPhilFall2023-QR-Final-Examination-Khola Anwar.docx Ok Ok Document Details Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603 Submission Date Nov 17, 2023, 4:33 AM CST Download Date Nov 17, 2023, 4:36 AM CST File Name MPhilFall2023-QR-Final-Examination-Khola_Anwar.docx File Size 111.4 KB 17 Pages 4,001 Words 21,088 Characters Page 1 of 19 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603 Page 1 of 19 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603

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1 Analyzing the Female S tudents’ Interaction with S tudents’ body Election at Higher Education Researcher: Khola Anwar Instructor/ Supervisor: Dr Irfan Ahmed Rind Page 3 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603 Page 3 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603

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2 1. Introduction In patriarchal society women face a lot of issues while working with men either in the institutions or at work places especially when women is at higher positions than men like leadership positions. Men are usually at the leading positions than women. Patriarchal society and rigid societal structure devalue the role of women in society (Niaz, 2003) . Women cannot get the same opportunities like men in the society that factors push them to participate in election to fight for their rights and empowerment (Thaker & Rana, 2015). In Pakistani context the situation is same, priority is given to the men either it is the matter of education, decision making, or any leading role and usually they do not want to work under female leader due to their male ego. This matter is not simple as it is seen but there are some authorities that do not want to empower women in the society and this thing is embedded in the curriculum as well. In textbook they show women only work in homes and man are the only bread winner. Moreover, they divide the role of the individuals in the society on the basis of their gender. These are influential ideologies that shown in the various texts and they want to make it normalize for the society. It has the great impact on the minds of individuals about the gender disparity in the society and they visualize the things as it is shown to them and which creates a lot of barriers for women to take equitable representation like men in the society. The role of Higher Education is to give content knowledge to students and build their attitude and aptitude but some how they are also failed to provide the equal opportunities to women like men due to the influence of political, cultural, religious ideological that impact on education. Sukkur IBA University is higher education institute of Pakistan, located in Sukkur district of Sindh. There are eight departments of Sukkur IBA and all Page 4 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603 Page 4 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603

3 departments have different societies. Students are participating in election to get some power and position where they work with management and become the bridge between students and higher authorities. The role of SISC is to propose and manage different types of events, conferences in universities and to communicate students issues to authorities. The career development department and senior faculty members conduct Sukkur IBA Student Council (SISC) activity each year at Sukkur IBA university. Heterogeneous groups form their different panels, and in each panel there are five designations i.e. Presidents, Vice President, General Secretary, Treasurer, Public Relation Officer (PRO). Students are from different backgrounds make these panels on their based on their competencies, shared goal,social capital. The purpose of these election is to give platform to students where they work on their attitudes that is one of the aims of higher education. After analysing the four years of elections from 2019-2023 at Sukkur IBA university, I came to know that girls participation in election is low as comparative to boys. In 2019 elections, four teams were competing against each other and there was only one female candidate in Mashal team and three female candidates in United team. Moreover, the President and General Secretary of united team was in leading positions. First time in history of Sukkur IBA a girl stood for President position. In the election of 2021, one female candidate was in both teams in Perwaz and Markhor. In 2021 again every panel choose one female candidate in their panel. Now it becomes trend to chose one girl for lower designation like PRO (Public Relation Officer). One of the reasons of given them lower ranking is for their feasibility t hat she can do work while sitting in university and boys want to enjoy more perks of election. Boys take the higher designations in the election and choose one girl for lower designation in order to save their face value and influential girls bring vote to their part. Moreover, some parties play Hindu card and choose Hindu Page 5 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603 Page 5 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603

4 female candidates to get the vote from the minorities. In these four years only once a girl participated in the election for president position. There are various reasons that restrict female students to participate actively especially for higher positions in these activities in universities despite they are eligible to participate. Another finding highlight that only candidate from BBA department choose the designation of president in election and their logic behind is that, BBA is the main department of Sukkur IBA and due to its strength and value in university. . 1.2 Research Objective To analyse the female candidates experiences with students’ body election at higher education. Research Questions 1. How frequent female candidates participating in election body at higher institutions? 2. What is the motivation for female candidates to participate in the election? 3. What are the barriers/ challenges that female candidates face during whole election process? Page 6 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603 Page 6 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603

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5 Literature Review Activity theory Activity theory is used as a theoretical framework to observe the human behaviour in the social context. It helps researcher to identify the complex process of any activity in particular context. It is used in this research for ‘Analysing the experience of female students in election in the context of IBA Sukkur’. It helps researcher to identify and make relation of different nodes of activity theory and explore the relation of individual and how they use different artefacts to achieve a common goal and how social culture effect their activity. Mediating Artefacts Subject Object Figure 1. Shows simple version of Activity theory In Figure 1. it is depicted that, the two way relationship between three nodes of activity theory. There are two ways connection among subjects, objects, and mediating artefacts. Activity theory is used to analyse the complex system of an activity performed in specific context. Participation of the individuals in the activity is the integrated process (Engestrom, 1993). It is impossible to study the one node of an activity theory separately from other nodes because there is an interrelated relationship among all the nodes that can not be ignored for a particular activity. However, in activity theory there are many contradiction voices are are present that Page 7 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603 Page 7 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603

6 hinder the activities of different agents in the activity but some supporting factors are also present to support the agents at different nodes (Berglund, 2022). Artefacts & Signs (Campaign, Marketing, Finance) Subjects Objects (Social & Financial (Gender V/S Learner Identity) Capital) Rules Community Division of Labour (Institutional rules, (Parents, Faculty, (Role of students as learner Tacit rules) community members) V/S other roles) Activity is in dynamic nature that evolve constantly and historical perspectives have influence on an activity so, the understanding of history is mandatory for any activity. In activity theory every nodes play crucial role i.e. without specific objectives the activity of the subjects is meaningless. Moreover, to accomplished the objects, subjects needs some fundamental artefacts and without these artefacts to reach to the common goal is impossible in the activity. Instruments or indicators of activity serve as both enabling and restricting factors while acting as mediators between the subjects and the objects (Kuutti, 1996, p.27). In figure 2. of the activity theory interpret the the activity of an election held in Sukkur IBA. Elements of an activity theory here is subjects; that are the gender V/S their identities ; artefacts: campaign, marketing, finance; objectives: to gain social and financial capital; rules: institutional rules, tacit rules; Community: as family, Page 8 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603 Page 8 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603

7 community members and faculty; Division of labour: roles of student V/S with their other role i.e. student V/S learner, student V/S daughter. The purpose of using activity theory as a theoretical background is know the election activity in the specific context of IBA Sukkur. It helps to understand the experiences of individual with different variables in election activity. I chose students identity, interaction of institutional rules and students participation in election, and influence of community on students experiences and participation in election activity factors to get in-depth data from the participants. Limitation of the Activity Theory Activity theory is used as the theoretical framework in research to identify and understand the role of different nodes of the activity with a particular context. It helps to analyse the experiences of students in the activity of election by suing different artefacts to achieve a specific and predetermined objectives by keeping all the contradictions that help to achieve the objectives or hinders to achieve the objectives. The limitation of an activity theory is that we cannot generalize their findings to the larger context because this theory is the context specific. Even the university that is located in the same geographical location funded by same authority and having same departments because their context is different so the application of an activity theory is limited. Moreover, activity theory neglects the diversity among individuals and consider the same behaviours and neglect individual differences and as a result of it, understanding of the different experiences of the individuals and their uniqueness is limited. It has more emphasis on the external factors that shapes an activity but overlook the internal cognitive process of an individuals in an activity. Activity theory does not highlighted that how variables are shaped by the institutional and tacit rules. Findings Page 9 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603 Page 9 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603

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8 Analysing students identity as a learner V/S daughter of political person It is important to analyse the identify of students in an election activity. First theme that is extracted from the data of the participant is student identity as a learner vs their identity as a daughter of a political person. It is not possible to see single identity of an individual because individual multiple identities influence their performance in a particular activity. Intrinsic motivation of the participant is driven by their association with the political background. ‘The thing is that my family background, my father was in politics. So, I grew up watching him. I do participate in the elections, I sit there as an agent. I have see all these things before, so this thing benefited me a lot’. The response of the participants highlighted that, her motivation for coming in election activity in Sukkur IBA university is coming from her home. Here she get benefit from the identity as a daughter of a political person. Because she experiences these activities in real election of the country where she worked as an agent on a polling station. Moreover, as a learner she wanted to learn some skills that is important a and the part of higher education. ‘ I am not social bird. I used top talk little and usually remained silent. When I came in election I learn a lot of things I.e. talking, meeting with people and it was beneficial for me’. Connecting this response to her another response that ‘I came from smal l town where there is no concept of co- education and I was scared to interact with people so that’s why I wanted to take part in election’ gave insights about her motivation to talk with various people to built her confidence as well as learn skills that she will implement in her life when they take decision of such activities in real ground. Participant B was also self-motivated and interested to take part in election because she came from the diverse cultural background and have exposure of so many leading roles in life. ‘That is my personal Page 10 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603 Page 10 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603

9 inclination as it is kind of fact that if you lead you are able to do a lot of differences in the environment. I love the lead because when you are leader, you listen to others but the decisions rest in your hand. You are the one who creates the differences. There are a lot of things that I wanted to do, that is why I wanted to win such a position where I could make decision’ That data revealed that participants A was motivated to take part in election due to her identity as a daughter of a political person. Moreover, she wanted to build interpersonal skills as well. Participants B wanted to lead the role and make decision on their own. Figure 3: Theoretical framework that shows complement of students learner identity V/S daughter of a political person Artefacts & Signs (Campaign, Marketing, Finance) Subjects Objects (Social & Financial (Gender V/S Learner Identity) Capital) Rules Community Division of Labour (Parents, Faculty, community members) Figure 3: depicted that, participant A has edge to participate in election activity in the university due to their political background. Her identity as a daughter of a political person trigger her to get this experience from the university and her second reason is to gain social capital. Because in an interview she highlighted that she did not experience co-education in her schooling so, it is difficult for her to socialize with Page 11 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603 Page 11 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603

10 opposite gender in the university. She want that social capital through election activity by using different artefacts of the election activity like through campaign and making connection with students of other departments. Her family supported her because begin from the political party they know that her daughter communicate with the students including girls and boys and during campaign she will come on social media as well. So the understanding of all from her family side help her to participate in election and she get intrinsic motivation for that. To achieve that objectives of the activity her identity as a daughter of political person, campaign, community (family) help her a lot. Conflict of students identity as a learner V/S their gender identity Artefacts & Signs (Campaign, Marketing, Finance) Subjects Objects (Social & Financial (Students as a learner V/S as girl) Capital) Rules Community Division of Labour (Institutional rules, (Parents, Faculty, (Role of students as learner Tacit rules) community members) V/S role as a girl as a sister daughter) If we see the identity of a student as a daughter, sister so, there is conflict in their roles. There are many tacit rules and institutional rules that hinder their performance in election activity. As this election activity performed in the institution of Sukkur IBA so there are hostel rules for girls that they are not allowed to go outside from university for election campaign and even cannot do meetings regarding election plans, campaign with their counterpart (boys) after 6.00 Pm in evening. Moreover, Page 12 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603 Page 12 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603

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11 some of the girls do not get permission from their homes to participate in the election due to purdah or they won’t allow their daughter, sisters to get sit with boys and talk with them. Community members do pass negative comments when a girl sit with a boys. Even participant B highlighted this thing in her interview that she did not want to become the part of election activity because their fellow make rumours about the affairs of girls and boys when they sit at cafeteria or any other place in university. Moreover, they are restricted to do campaign openly and restricted to share their pictures on social media or on pamphlet. Their role as a learner V/S their role as a sister and daughter always in conflict. Interaction of institutional rules with students participation in election Artefacts & Signs (Campaign, Marketing, Finance) Subjects Objects (Social & Financial (Gender V/S Learner Identity) Capital) Rules Community Division of Labour (Institutional rules, Tacit rules) Figure 4: depicted that, the interaction of institutional rules with students participation in election. This theme is always conflict with the participation of students in the election activity. It was highlighted from the data of participant that they are not allow to do meetings in evening while on the other hand boys were comfortable to do it at outside the university at hostel or at hotels. One more thing that was highlighted from the interview is that, previously it was the tacit rule of university that president for the election always chosen from the BBA department because of their strength in the Page 13 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603 Page 13 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603

12 university and that also hinder the participation of the individual in the election body especially for the higher designation like president, vice president. ‘It is said that the strength of the students from B.ed department is greater than other departments. So, considering their majority, the president should be from their side.’ Due to that policy female students of other departments especially B.ed participated in election for lower positions like PRO (Public Relation Officer). One participants also highlighted that it is the legacy of our university that they chose panel according to their own choice so this thing also hinder the students participation in election activity. Moreover, the campaign are not allowed during class time and students who are at the part of election activity do not take leaves more than the allowed leaves as per the policy of university. Hence, university rules along with tacit rules creates conflict situation for those who are the aspirants of election. Complement Influence of community on election activity Artefacts & Signs (Campaign, Marketing, Finance) Subjects Objects (Social & Financial (Gender Vs Learner Identity) Capital) Rules Community Division of Labour (Parents, Faculty, community members) Community has strong influence on election activity. It is revealed from the data that, university community wanted to select their president from BBA department and all the best designations are occupied by the members of other departments: BBA, CS, BE. Community members support particular panel on the basis of their language, Page 14 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603 Page 14 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603

13 religion and even sect. Moreover, environment of Sukkur IBA university play crucial role in election activity. Girls are more comfortable to talk with boys and it was not strange for them to sit and communicate with them. ‘Because of the environment that we can sit comfortably but if we go outside the university campus for meetings it will seem a little strange. Like in small cities these things seem big’. Community do not allow and give space to girls in election activity same as like boys due to their family rules and p reconceived notion of the community about boys and girls and they won’t allow them to go outside and it was against the institutional and tacit rules. 4. Discussion The data of the research revealed that, there are various factors that motivated female students to take part in the election like to increase their social capital, to enhance their communication skills, taking decision, leading different roles, political background of their family, women empowerment. To analyse the data Activity theory is used as the theoretical framework. Alignment of the data of participants and the nodes of activity theory gave various findings of the participation of girls in election. Political activities in the university is the part of the culture of it and it builds students’ attitude (Lipset, 1967) . It helps students to analyse and determine the future leadership and gain the practical experience of such activities in universities. Students participation in different activities like civic education, volunteer work trigger them to participate in elections. It connects with the data of participant, she always remain in Page 15 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603 Page 15 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603

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14 activities from there school to college and that experience and motivation help her to participate in university election. Political behaviour of students is related to their involvement in students association (Boyman, 2017). Unfortunately in Sukkur IBA there is only SICS body for students but there is no student association for the rights of students. Participation in extra curricular activities like election in university helps students to give experience and prepare them for a mature citizens of the society (Jali et al., 2009; Razali et al., 2016). Women representation in politics is the driven force for others women to participate in the election and they feel empower (High-Pippert & Comer, 1998) . In Sukkur IBA back in 2019 in SICS election, one participant willingly participate in the election for the president designation. It boosts the confidence of other girls too to participate not only in election but also for the highest position. In that United team the two leading positions in the election body were of girls that are President and General Secretary. Divided gender role and identities have significance role that has impact on election in the society (Bennett & Bennett, 1992) . Women cannot get the same opportunities like men in the society that factors push them to participate in election to fight for their rights and empowerment (Thaker & Rana, 2015). It is revealed from the data that, identity of a participant as a girl or daughter play eminent role. Daughter of the political person has edge and she enjoyed that election activity more than the girl who is doing purdah. Patriarchal society and rigid societal structure devalue the role of women in society (Niaz, 2003) . It is connected with one of the participants response that male are dominance in the society and it is easy for them to participate in election because they have freedom to discuss things anywhere they want but impossible for students and mostly they choose only one female candidate for the face value and it shows the interest of the community members. Society also make rumours when girls and boys are sitting Page 16 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603 Page 16 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603

15 together for curricular or extra curricular activities. One limitation that was highlighted was mobilization. Females motivation to participate as well as limitation to mobilization contradict each other. Moreover, environmental play a crucial role in shaping the experiences of students like Participant A highlighted that I feel save and secure in Sukkur IBA due to its environment may be I will not comfortable in any other university of interior Sindh. Although they are motivated to participate in activities for empowerment where they enjoy leading roles and take decisions to bring change in the society. Finding of the research that has conducted in South Asian countries highlighted that in South Asian context culture and structure of the society shape the roles of male and female and limiting them to participate in election (Niaz, 2003). Religions, social, and cultural ideologies shape and segregates the role of male and female in the society. Intrinsic motivation and family support encourage students to participate in election (High-Pippert & Comer, 1998) . It is related to the data of research study that participant A get motivation from the family because her family background was political and in future she wanted to appear in election so, she get exposure of election activities from the university. Furthermore, her intrinsic motivation of communication and socialization trigger her to participate in election. 5. References Bennett, S. E., & Bennett, L. L. M. (1992). From traditional to modern conceptions of gender equality in politics: Gradual change and lingering doubts. Western Political Quarterly , 45 (1), 93 – 111. Boyman, S. N. (2017). Students and Campus Elections: Case study at Sultan Idris Education University, Malaysia. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences , 9 (6), 32 – 45. Page 17 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603 Page 17 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603

16 Berglund, A, (2004). a framework to study learning in a complex learning environment. assocoiation for Learning Technology Journal, 12,65-79). Engestrom,Y(1990) Multiple meanings of artefacts in human activity. IN Y. Engestrom (Ed), leraning, working, and imaging. tweleve studies in activity theory (p. 171-195). High-Pippert, A., & Comer, J. (1998). Female empowerment: The influence of women representing women. Women & Politics , 19 (4), 53 – 66. Jali, M. F. M., Ibrahim, Y., Awal, N. A. M., Sidek, A. H., & Ismail, K. H. (2009). Minat, aspirasi dan sokongan politik belia IPT Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Youth Studies , 1 (6), 99 – 116. Kuutti, K. (1996). activity theory as a potential framework for human computer interaction research. Lipset, S. M. (1967). Student politics (Vol. 67). Basic Books New York. Niaz, U. (2003). Violence against women in South Asian countries. Archives of Women’s Mental Health , 6 , 173 – 184. Razali, M. M., Boyman, S. N., Hussin, N. I., & Nor, W. A. W. M. (2016). Penglibatan Politik Belia: Satu Analisis Penyertaan Konvensionaldi Malaysia: Youth Political Participation: An Analysis of Conventional Investments in Malaysia. Perspektif Jurnal Sains Sosial Dan Kemanusiaan , 8 (2), 70 – 78. Thaker, A., & Rana, N. (2015). Women’s Political Participation in South Asain Countries: A Review. International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering , 5 (10), 14 – 23. Page 18 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603 Page 18 of 19 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2754427603

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MPhilFall2023-QR-Final-Examination-Khola_Anwar

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