Lab 5

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Metropolitan Community College, Kansas City *

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MISC

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Biology

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Jan 9, 2024

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1 Module 5 Lab – Class Part 1: Blood In this experiment, you will describe structural features of formed elements in the blood and describe the correlation with functional roles related for each. A. Normal Blood Smear 1) Insert a picture of you blood smear below: 2) RBC appearance and structural features (describe at least 2): Red blood cells are numerous and look like little red disks. There is a divot in the middle of them that makes them look hollow. They lack a nucleus. 3) WBC appearance and structural features (describe at least 2): White blood cells are granulated and are much darker compared to red blood cells. They contain many nuclei. 4) Platelet appearance and structural features (describe at least 2): Platelets are dark little cell fragments that are found in clusters. 5) Describe the functional properties related to each of the structural features noted above. Red blood cells lack a nucleus because all they need is hemoglobin. They do not have a focus OTHER than carrying oxygen. White blood cells have granules to help with the immune response. The multiple nuclei are there in case a part of the cell needs to break off. The platelets are small and found in clusters so they can group up and form clots easier. Most of the coloration is simply how they are dyed, but the red blood cells are that color normally due to the iron in the

2 hemoglobin.

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4 . Part 2A: The Heart Obtain a model of the heart . Locate the following structures. Within your lab group, discuss whether the structures are associated with oxygenated or deoxygenated blood. 1. right atrium (RA) 2. left atrium (LA) 3. right ventricle (RV) 4. left ventricle (LV) 5. tricuspid valve 6. bicuspid valve 7. pulmonary semilunar valve 8. aortic semilunar valve 9. vena cava 10. aorta 11. coronary sinus 12. right coronary artery (RCA) 13. left coronary artery (LCA) 14. interventricular septum

5 Describe the pathway of blood to, through, and from the heart using the names of the cardiac chambers, valves and blood vessels. BODY  vena cavae  Right Atrium  Right AV Valve  Right Ventricle  Pulmonary Trunk  Pulmonary artery  lungs  Pulmonary Vein  Left Atrium  Left AV valve  left ventricle  aortic valve  aorta  systemic circulation Obtain a blood pressure cuff (sphygmomanometer) and determine your blood pressure and heart rate. Blood pressure _____120/80________ Heart rate _______112 bpm_______ Normal blood pressure should be below 120/80. Blood pressure above 140/80 is considered high and requires medical intervention. Dissecting the Sheep Heart Dissecting the sheep heart provides you with more knowledge about how the human heart is constructed – and gives you a more 3-dimensional understanding of relationships between the basic parts. In groups of 2-3 obtain a sheep heart. Gather dissecting instruments, a tray, and goggles. Be sure to wear gloves and exercise caution with the scalpels and surgical scissors. Clear your work area of any food, drinks, or papers. Actively participate in all procedures, observations and discussions. 1. Drain any liquid off of the heart onto your tray. 2. If it is attached, observe the Pericardium , and where it is attached to the heart. 3. Slit open the Pericardium with a scalpel, and check out differences in the two layers. 4. Examine the external surface. Note where adipose tissue accumulates. Carefully scrape away the fat and see if you are able to locate any of the coronary arteries underneath.

6 5. With a gloved hand, you can actually FEEL the difference in thickness between the left and right sides of the heart. Which side is thicker? Hold up the heart into its anatomical position (check versa the book figures) and note the contribution of the left side to this profile. 6. With care identify the Pulmonary Trunk and the Aorta . (This can sometimes be difficult if membranous tissue and/or fat obscures the superior portion of the heart.) The Pulmonary Trunk is more anterior, and you can see division into left and right pulmonary arteries – unless it has been cut incorrectly. The Aorta is just underneath the pulmonary trunk and quickly has an artery branch off it (unlike in humans where the distance is a little greater). One can usually see this first large branch off the Aorta , the Brachiocephalic Artery . 7. CUT into the Aorta and down towards the heart until you find the Aortic Semilunar Valve . See if you can find the two openings to the coronary arteries just above this valve. Use a probe to see if you can follow the artery across part of the heart. 8. Check out the back (posterior) of the heart. This is where some of the complex branches return from the lungs. 9. In whichever orientation seems best (for your sheep heart), insert a probe into the Superior Vena Cava , down into the Right Atrium and out into the Inferior Vena Cava . 10. Using sharp scissors, cut along the probe so you can see into the Right Atrium . 11. Check out the Tricuspid Valve . Can you actually count the flaps? 12. Return to the Pulmonary Trunk and cut through its anterior wall until you can find the Pulmonary Semilunar Valve . 13. NOW extend your cut in the Pulmonary Trunk down into the Right Ventricle . DO this by cutting down around, and back up through the Tricuspid Valve and meet your earlier cut through the Right Atrium . 14. Separate the flaps out to the side so that you can look down into both the Right Ventricle and Right Atrium . 15. Make a longitudinal (vertical, if heart is in anatomical position) cut that begins in the Left Atrium and continues down into the Left Ventricle . Note the thickness of the Left Ventricle . Compare the SHAPE of the Left Ventricle to the Right Ventricle . 16. Can you count the number of cusps found within the Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve ? 17. Slice a horizontal cut through the Left Ventricle straight over and through the Right Ventricle 18. Use pins and labels to identify the following structures.

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7 1. right atrium (RA) 2. left atrium (LA) 3. right ventricle (RV) 4. left ventricle (LV) 5. tricuspid valve 6. bicuspid valve 7. pulmonary semilunar valve 8. aortic semilunar valve 9. vena cava 10. aorta 11. coronary sinus 12. right coronary artery (RCA) 13. left coronary artery (LCA) 14. interventricular septum 19. Dispose of the sheep parts in the designated container. Use soap and water to wash the instruments, probes, and dissecting trays. Please try to wash everything and dry with paper towels. Please be careful when you wash anything sharp. 20. Insert pictures of your dissected specimen showing labels below (use as many pictures as needed). As you know, we got the smallest sheep heart, so we did the best we could with what we had.

9 Part 4B: Heart Rate and Fitness Lab Runners, cyclists, triathletes and many others, both competitive and noncompetitive, who want to maximize their training efforts and avoid injury, use Heart Rate Monitors. Heart rate is a good indicator of overall physical fitness. People who are physically fit have a lower heart rate at rest, their heart rate does not increase as quickly during exercise and their heart rate returns to normal more quickly after exercise than an unfit individual. The following equation may help you understand the link between fitness and heart rate. Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate The normal stroke volume for a person at rest is 70 ml/beat and the stroke volume can increase 4 - 5 times the normal amount during exercise. In a fit individual, the heart has a greater stroke volume and the stroke volume can increase up to 7 times the normal value. If your stroke volume is low, your heart rate will have to be high to maintain adequate cardiac output. In this lab exercise you will determine your heart rate under a variety of conditions. You will perform some moderate exercise. If you have a health condition that would be aggravated by exercise do not participate . A. Target Heart Rate and Estimated Maximum Heart Rate Use the attached handout entitled, Target Heart Rate and Estimated Maximum Heart Rate , to determine your estimated target heart rate for moderate-intensity physical activity and for vigorous-intensity physical activity. In the table below, calculate the target heart rate for the test subject “Abraham” at age 20 years and 40 years. Test Subject Age Target heart rate for moderate- intensity physical activity Target heart rate for vigorous- intensity physical activity Abraham 25 Abraham 55

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10 After advancing in 30 years in age, did the test subject’s target heart rate change for moderate or vigorous intensity physical activity? Briefly explain structural and/or physiological factors that may contribute to these findings. B. Heart Rate Lab Instructions 1. Stand in place for 2 minutes with your chair directly behind you. 2. Have a lab partner record the standing heart rate (2). Do not record very low or very high readings . Try to estimate the heart rate near the end of the 2-minute time period. 3. Sit in a chair and relax. Do not move, talk or laugh. Near the end of the 2-minute period, record the heart rate (3). 4. Run in place for 3 minutes. Have one lab partner record the high heart rate (4A), as soon as you stop running in place , another lab partner should record the length of time until your heart rate returns to the standing heart rate value (4B in seconds ). Again, do not include spikes of extremely high or low rates. Record data in the space below: 2. Standing HR ________ 3. Sitting HR _________ 4A. High HR ________ 4B. Recovery Time _________ Part 3: Blood Vessels A. Microscopic Examination of Blood Vessels 1. Artery and Vein Comparison. Obtain a slide of an artery and a vein. View the slide under low power and locate the artery and the vein. The artery will be round and it will have a thick wall. The vein will not be as round. Draw the artery and vein below or insert pictures from your microscopic examination of these tissues. 2. Look at the wall of the artery more closely (low and high power). Compare the thickness of the wall of the left ventricle to the wall of the right ventricle and describe your observations in the space below. Which is thicker? Why?

11 The left ventricle is MUCH thicker because it must pump blood a greater distance. The right ventricle only has to pump it to the lungs, so it doesn’t need to have extra muscle to create extra force. B. Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels 1. Using the models provided, identify the major blood vessels (see figure 23.9). Within your lab group, discuss their branches and the general areas they supply. 2. Describe the path that an erythrocyte would travel from one structure to another structure for each of the examples (A, B, C, D) listed below. Use arrows “  ” to create a flow diagram or use numbers to indicate the order of flow through structures for each one. Example: Aorta to Basilic Vein Answer: Aorta  Brachiocephalic trunk  R Subclavian a.  Axillary a.  Brachial a.  Ulnar a.  Venous palmar arches  Basilic v. A. Heart to Left Thumb – Aorta  Brachiocephalic trunk  right subclavian  right axillary artery  right brachial artery  right ulnar artery  palmar arches  left thumb B. Elbow to Heart – Left brachial vein  Left subclavian vein  Left brachiocephalic vein  Superior vena cava  right atrium C. Spleen to Heart – Splenic vein  Hepatic portal vein  Liver  Right and Left hepatic veins  inferior vena cava D. Aorta to Right Jugular Vein – Aorta  Brachiocephalic trunk  Right carotid artery  external carotid  internal carotid  Dural sinus  internal jugular vein

Lab 5

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