CHAPTER 4 EXTRA CREDIT SCG

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James Sprunt Community College *

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Jan 9, 2024

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UNIT 1 A REVIEW OF BIO 168 CHAPTER 4 REVIEW AND CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS EXTRA CREDIT 7.C 8.A 9.B 10.D 11.A 12.C 13.B 14.A 15.B 16.D 17.B 18.C 19.B 20.D 21.A 22.A 23.D 24.A 25.A 26.D 27.C 28.B 29.B 30.C

31 . Identify the four types of tissue in the body, and describe the major functions of each tissue. 1. Epithelialtissuecoversthebody,linesvariousstructures,andformsglands. 2. Connectivetissueprotects,supports,bindsorganstogether,storesenergy,andhelps provideimmunity. 3. Musculartissuecontractsandgeneratesforceandheat. 4. Nervoustissuedetectschangesintheenvironmentandgeneratesnerveimpulsesthat activatemuscularcontractionandglandularsecretion. 32. The zygote is described as totipotent because it ultimately gives rise to all the cells in your body including the highly specialized cells of your nervous system. Describe this transition, discussing the steps and processes that lead to these specialized cells. -The zygote divides into different cells, they form the three primary germ layers, after the cells form the ectodermal germ layer, they become restricted in how they can form. Many of the ectodermal cells become further restricted and form into nerve cells. 33 . What is the function of synovial membranes? -To support movement in the joints. 34. The structure of a tissue usually is optimized for its function. Describe how the structure of the mucosa and its cells match its function of nutrient absorption. -Mucosa in the intestine is folded, which increases the surface area for nutrient absorption. A larger surface area allows for not absorption of nutrients per unit time. The nutrient absorbing cells of the mucosa have finger like projections that are called microvilli that increase the surface area more for nutrient absorption.

35. One of the main functions of connective tissue is to integrate organs and organ systems in the body. Discuss how blood fulfills this role. -Blood is a fluid connective tissue, a variety of cells that circulate and contain salts which dissolved proteins. Blood contains elements that are formed from bone marrow. Red blood cells transport gas, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Blood clotting is done by platelet cell fragments. Salts, nutrients, and wastes are dissolves in the liquid matrix and transported through the body. 36. Why does an injury to cartilage, especially hyaline cartilage, heal much more slowly than a bone fracture? -Injuries to cartilage heal very slowly become cells and nutrients needed for repair diffuse slowly to the injury site. 37. You are watching cells in a dish spontaneously contract. They are all contracting at different rates; some fast, some slow. After a while, several cells link up and they begin contracting in synchrony. Discuss what is going on and what type of cells you are looking at. -When the cells link up, they are forming intercalating discs that allow the cells to communicate with each other and become contracting in synchrony. The cells in the dish are cardiomyocytes, cardiac muscle cells. 38. Why does skeletal muscle look striated? -Due to the arrangement of the contractile protein’s actin and myosin under the light microscope the cells appear striated. 39. Which morphological adaptations of neurons make them suitable for the transmission of nerve impulse? -The best suited for transmission are the Neurons, nerve impulses because

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short extensions and dendrites receive impulses from other neurons while the axon carries the eletrical impulses away from the cells to other neurons, 40. What are the functions of astrocytes? -The job of astrocytes is to regulate ions and breakdown some of the neurotransmitters, which contribute to the formation of the blood/brain barrier. 41. Why is it important to watch for increased redness, swelling and pain after a cut or abrasion has been cleaned and bandaged? -Symptoms such as these would indicate that there is an infection. 42. Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits the formation of blood clots and is taken regularly by individuals with a heart condition. Steroids such as cortisol are used to control some autoimmune diseases and severe arthritis by down- regulating the inflammatory response. After reading the role of inflammation in the body’s response to infection, can you predict an undesirable consequence of taking anti-inflammatory drugs on a regular basis? -NSAID’s which is an anti-inflammatory medication and stops blood from being able to clot and could increase internal bleeding in the stomach with long term use. With excessive levels of cortisol would suppress inflammation and could slow the healing process. 43. As an individual ages, a constellation of symptoms begins the decline to the point where an individual’s functioning is compromised. Identify and discuss two factors that have a role in factors leading to the compromised situation. -A person’s lifestyle and genetic makeup are major factors that determine the

degree of decline in the cells, tissues, and organs as an individual age. 44. Discuss changes that occur in cells as a person ages. -During the changes in cells as a person ages, cells get larger, many cannot divide or regenerate. With the alterations in the cell membranes, transport of oxygen, nutrients into cells, the removal of carbon dioxide and the waste products are not as efficient in older individuals causing cells to lose their ability to be able to function normally which is the leading cause of diseases and cancers.

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Feedback loops, both positive and negative, are your body's mechanism for maintaining homeostasis.do

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