Photosynthesis Student Worksheet: Engage with Animation Series

Animations Student Worksheet Photosynthesis To use this document, first read the Instructions and FAQs . This document is licensed by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license . No rights are granted to use HHMI’s or BioInteractive’s names or logos independent from this document or in any derivative works. Using this document, you agree to use this document in accordance with these terms. INTRODUCTION This worksheet complements the animation series Photosynthesis . PROCEDURE 1. This animation series contains seven parts. Read the questions below for each part before watching it. 2. After watching each part, answer the questions in the spaces provided. 3. After completing all seven parts of the animation, answer the summary questions in Part 8. QUESTIONS PART 1: OVERVIEW 1. Which of the following kinds of organisms do photosynthesis? Select all that apply. _x___plants ____fungi ____animals _x___algae ____all bacteria __x__some bacteria 2. What is the overall purpose of photosynthesis? Capture energy from the sun 3. On Diagram 1, fill in the labels with photosynthesis’s main inputs and outputs of matter and energy. Photosynthesis Published March 2019 www.BioInteractive.org Page 1 of 8

Animations Student Worksheet Photosynthesis PART 2: CHEMICAL PROCESS 1. Complete the following sentence. Photosynthesis is a set of ___reactions_________________________ in which ____light________energy is converted to __chemical________________energy. 2. On Diagram 2, fill in the labels with the following descriptions. Some of the objects have multiple labels. ● water (H 2 O) ● carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) ● oxygen (O 2 ) ● G3P (sugar) ● electron acceptor ● electron donor ● carbohydrates ● energy input 3PART : LEAF STRUCTURE 1. In what plant structures does photosynthesis occur? Make your description as specific as you can. Photosynthesis Published March 2019 www.BioInteractive.org Page 2 of 8

Animations Student Worksheet Photosynthesis Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells. The primary site for photosynthesis is the leaves of the plant. Chloroplasts are the specialized organelles within plant cells where photosynthesis happens. Green parts of the plant, such as stems and immature green fruits, can also conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain pigments, including chlorophyll, which capture light energy for the process. 2. On Diagram 3, complete the following tasks. a) Draw how CO 2 gets into the leaf. b) Draw how O 2 gets out of the leaf. c) Label the name of the structure through which these gases pass. 3. What structure is used to transport organic molecules from the leaf to other parts of the plant? The structure used to transport organic molecules from the leaf to other parts of the plant is the phloem, a complex vascular tissue 4. Why are leaves green? Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light while reflecting green light which makes the leaves appear green PART 4: CHLOROPLASTS 1. On Diagram 4, label the following items. Multiple labels may apply to the same part of the diagram. ● location of the light reactions ● location of the Calvin cycle ● thylakoid ● stroma 2. On Diagram 5, fill in the labels with the following descriptions to show the connections between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. Photosynthesis Published March 2019 www.BioInteractive.org Page 3 of 8

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Animations Student Worksheet Photosynthesis ● carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) ● oxygen (O 2 ) ● G3P (sugar) ● ATP ● NADPH 3. How does a plant increase its biomass? Photosynthesis allows the conversion of Carbon dioxide and water into glucose which leads to increase in organic material storage. Soil also absorbs nutrients and increases biomass PART 5: LIGHT REACTIONS Photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII) 1. What is the function of the photosystems? Photosystems capture light energy for photosynthesis. 2. On Diagram 6, complete the following tasks. a) Label PSI and PSII. b) Draw the path of the electron transport chain. The Events of the Light Reactions 3. For PSII , the cytochrome complex , and PSI , draw and label what happens at that structure on Diagram 6. Then describe the events in a bulleted list in Table 1. Table 1: Descriptions of the steps in the light reactions. Photosynthesis Published March 2019 www.BioInteractive.org Page 4 of 8

Animations Student Worksheet Photosynthesis Structure What is happening with matter? What is happening with energy? PSII Water molecules (H2O) are split into oxygen (O2), protons (H+ ions), and electrons. Light energy is absorbed by pigments in PSII to excite electrons. cytochrome complex Electrons from PSII are transferred through proteins and molecules within the complex. Energy from electron transfer is used to pump protons (H+) into the thylakoid space, creating a proton gradient. PSI Electrons from the cytochrome complex enter PSI. Light energy is absorbed by pigments in PSI to further energize these electrons. 4. At the end of the electron transport chain, where is the light energy that was absorbed and converted by chlorophyll stored? List two answers. Proton Gradient (protons stored in the thylakoid lumen) Chemical energy in the form of ATP synthase from the proton gradient Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthase 5. Label the ATP synthase on Diagram 6. 6. Describe how the proton (H + ) gradient is used to make ATP. The proton (H+) gradient is used to make ATP by allowing protons to flow back into the stroma through ATP synthase, which couples this flow to the synthesis of ATP. This process transforms the potential energy of the proton gradient into chemical energy stored in ATP. 7. What two molecules bring chemical energy from the light reactions to the next stage of photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle? The 2 molecules that bring chemical energy from the Calvin cycle are ATP and NADPH PART 6: CALVIN CYCLE 1. Label Diagram 7 with the three phases of the Calvin cycle. Photosynthesis Published March 2019 www.BioInteractive.org Page 5 of 8

Animations Student Worksheet Photosynthesis Briefly describe what is going on in each phase and answer the questions shown. Phase 1 (Diagram 8) Description: RuBisCo is catalyzing Co2 which forms 3-PGA What enzyme catalyzes the reaction in this phase? ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) Phase 2 (Diagram 9) Description: Organic molecules, such as 3-PGA, accept electrons. This process reduces these molecules, increasing their potential energy. Energy from ATP and NADPH, produced in the light reactions, is used for this reduction. Photosynthesis Published March 2019 www.BioInteractive.org Page 6 of 8

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Animations Student Worksheet Photosynthesis Phase 3 (Diagram 10) Description: Why is the series of reactions in the Calvin cycle called a “cycle”? It regenerates the starting molecule, ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate (RuBP), enabling the process to repeat and continue carbon fixation. 2. At the end of the Calvin cycle, what molecules have the energy that originally came from light? The molecules that have energy originally derived from light are the reduced forms of ATP and NADPH PART 7: BIOSYNTHESIS 1. Complete the following sentence based on Diagram 11. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) can be used by plant cells to make _________Sugars__________ and _____other organic molecules____________. 2. Which molecule in Diagram 11 is used to transport energy to other parts of the plant? Sucrose is used to transport energy to other parts of the plant 3. Which molecule in Diagram 11 is stored in the plant for later use as an energy source? Starch is stored in the plant for later use as an energy source. PART 8: TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1. Based on everything you’ve learned from the animations, what is the overall purpose of photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is meant to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules, such as sugars, which are used as fuel and building blocks for plant growth and to release oxygen into the atmosphere. 2. Describe how oxygen gas (O 2 ) is produced during photosynthesis. Include the specific structures in the plant where the reaction occurs. It is produced through a reaction that takes place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. In this process, Photosynthesis Published March 2019 www.BioInteractive.org Page 7 of 8

Animations Student Worksheet Photosynthesis water molecules are split (photolysis) within the thylakoid membranes, releasing oxygen gas as a byproduct. 3. Describe the path of an electron from a molecule of water to the sugar G3P. Electrons are first extracted from water during photolysis, then transported through the light reactions. These electrons eventually combine with NADP+ to form NADPH, which is used in the Calvin cycle to produce G3P. 4. Describe how ATP is produced in the light reactions. ATP is produced in the light reactions through chemiosmosis. Protons (H+) accumulate in the thylakoid lumen, and their movement back into the stroma through ATP synthase generates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. 5. Which of the following statements best explains how the energy in a photon of light is stored in a molecule of the sugar G3P? ___c_____ a. Light energy directly provides energy to RuBP and CO 2 , which produce G3P in the Calvin cycle. b. Light energy directly provides energy to ATP synthase, which produces ATP during the light reactions. c. Light energy energizes electrons to make ATP and NADPH, which provide energy to produce G3P in the Calvin cycle. 6. When three molecules of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) react with three molecules of RuBP during the Calvin cycle, six molecules of the sugar G3P are produced. One G3P molecule exits the Calvin cycle during Phase 2. What happens to the other five G3P molecules? The other five molecules are used to regenerate 3 molecules of RuBP during Phase 3, allowing the Calvin cycle to continue Photosynthesis Published March 2019 www.BioInteractive.org Page 8 of 8

Copy of Akshay Kamasamudram - 06 HHMI Photosynthesis Student Worksheet

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