Force_Torque_and_levers_Laboratory

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KIN3202-Biomechanics of Physical Activity Force, Torque and Levers Laboratory 1 Force, Torque and Levers Laboratory Introduction: Understanding the principles of human movement is not possible without knowing the law of levers. Lever is a kind of simple machine that help humans to perform work by increasing the force or the distance it travels and/or by simply changing its direction. Levers can be defined as a rigid bar that rotates about a fixed point called fulcrum. Following definitions are necessary to be understood for this lab. Effort force : force you exert on a lever to cause rotational motion. Resistance force : force caused by of an object or another person exerts on a lever to cause rotational motion in opposite direction. Effort arm : Distance along the lever from fulcrum to the point of effort force application. Resistance arm : Distance along the lever from fulcrum to the point of resistance force application. Moment arm of effort force : perpendicular distance from the fulcrum to the line of effort force. Moment arm of resistance force : perpendicular distance from the fulcrum to the line of resistance force. Effort torque : product of effort force and moment arm of effort force. Resistance torque : product of resistance force and moment arm of resistance force. Law of lever states that when the lever is not moving (or moving with constant angular velocity) the effort and resistance torques are equal and operating in the opposite directions with respect to the fulcrum. 1. What are the units of Torque? 2. If E= 100N, MA E = 0.25m, and MA R = 1.00m, what is R? In simple machines, mechanical advantage is defined as the ratio of the force that machine generates to the force that was put into it. In levers mechanical advantages (e.g., force or
KIN3202-Biomechanics of Physical Activity Force, Torque and Levers Laboratory 2 speed-range advantages) are determined by examining the moment arm lengths. In a force advantage . In a speed-range advantage (or force disadvantage) Depending on positions of points of effort and resistance force application with respect to fulcrum three different situations can be defines. 1 st class lever: fulcrum is between effort force and resistance force 2 nd class lever: resistance force is between fulcrum and effort force 3 rd class lever: effort force is between fulcrum and resistance force 3 rd class is the most common type that is found in human body. Materials: Human arm model, ruler, free weights Activity 1: 1- For each of the following pictures indicate the following terms: lever, fulcrum, effort force, resistance force, effort arm, resistance arm 2- For each of the following pictures define class of lever 3- Define mechanical advantage in each picture as less or greater than 1. Which one is greater: effort force or resistance force? Clipart courtesy FCIT
KIN3202-Biomechanics of Physical Activity Force, Torque and Levers Laboratory 3 Clipart courtesy FCIT Clipart courtesy FCIT Activity 2: 1- In the picture shown below identify the following terms: lever, fulcrum, effort force, resistance force, effort arm, resistance arm, moment arm of effort force, moment arm of resistance force 2- Define mechanical advantage in forearm as less or greater than 1. Which one is greater: effort force or resistance force?
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KIN3202-Biomechanics of Physical Activity Force, Torque and Levers Laboratory 4 Clipart courtesy FCIT Activity 3: 1- Break into groups of 4 or 5 and use the tape measurer, hand held dynamometer (HHD), goniometer, and ultrasound unit. 2- First have one group member standing with their arm by their side wearing a t-shirt. 3- Next using the goniometer position one group members elbow in 20 degrees of elbow flexion and have them maintain that position. 4- Using the tape measurer, measure the moment arm for resistance. Please go back to the definition so you do it correctly. 5- Next your TA will use the ultrasound and measure the moment arm of effort for the biceps. Once the tendon and the medial epicondyle is in the field of view press the freeze button. Next click the caliper button. Use the mouse pad to position the caliper on the edge of the tendon. Then press the select button and position the other caliper at the end of the bone. The distance will be at the bottom of the screen. 6- Next have another group member take the HHD and place it at on the distal forearm just proximal to the wrist of the first group member. Maintaining the 20 degree elbow have the group member 1 contract their bicep with max force against the HHD being held by group member 2. Record that value as resistance force. 7- Knowing that effort and resistance torque is balanced (isometric contraction) calculate the effort force of the biceps.
KIN3202-Biomechanics of Physical Activity Force, Torque and Levers Laboratory 5 Table 1. 20 degree position Moment arm of effort force (cm) Moment arm of resistance force (cm) Resistance force (lbs) Effort force (lbs) Activity 4 1- Now complete the same task with the elbow positioned at 90 degrees of flexion. Table 2. 90-degree position Moment arm of effort force (cm) Moment arm of resistance force (cm) Resistance force (lbs) Effort force (lbs) Activity 5 1- Now complete the same task with the elbow positioned at 130 degrees of flexion. Table 3. 130 degree position Moment arm of effort force (cm) Moment arm of resistance force (cm) Resistance force (lbs) Effort force (lbs) Activity 6
KIN3202-Biomechanics of Physical Activity Force, Torque and Levers Laboratory 6 1- Now go back to the 90 degree of flexion position. Instead of placing the HHD near the wrist, please place it in the middle of the forearm. 2- Measure the new moment arm for resistance and continue the activity as previously described. Table 4. 90 degree position Moment arm of effort force (cm) Moment arm of resistance force (cm) Resistance force (lbs) Effort force (lbs) Questions: Which elbow position produced the largest effort force? Why? Which elbow position produced the largest resistance force? Why? Which position had the largest resistance moment arm? How did this affect the effort force of the biceps? Which position of the HHD produced the largest resistance force? Why? Which position of the HHD produced the largest effort force? Why?
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