Biology 204 Assignment 2A: Thermodynamics & Biochemical Reactions

Assignment 2 A (A–G) For students with first names starting with the letters A to G. Assignments are graded out of a total of 60 points, and they are worth 9% of your total mark. Submit this assignment after you have completed Unit 2 of the course. Before you submit this assignment, make sure you have read the section on Assignments in your Course Orientation. Part A: Short-answer questions 1. Explain the first law of thermodynamics. (2) 2. Use the following illustration of a biochemical reaction to answer the questions below. (5) 2a. Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic? Explain your answer. (2) 2b. What does C represent in the illustration above? Is it positive or negative? (3) Biology 204: Principles of Biology I (Rev. C8) Assignment 2 A

3. Explain the role of energy coupling for ATP. What information would you need to determine if an endergonic reaction can proceed when coupled with ATP hydrolysis? (5) 4. Use the following illustration, which represents two different scenarios (a and b) involving enzymes, to answer the question below. 4a. Label 1–6, and explain the two scenarios. Use the appropriate terms. (6) 5. Describe the important features of chemiosmosis in aerobic respiration. Include causes and effects. (6) 6. The Calvin cycle is sometimes referred to as the “dark reactions.” Can it proceed in the absence of light? Explain your answer. (4) Biology 204: Principles of Biology I (Rev. C8) Assignment 2 A

7. Use the following diagram, which represents two alternative physiological pathways connected by rubisco, to answer the questions below. 7a. What is RuBisCO, what are the two pathways, and under what conditions do they occur? (5) 8. Explain in detail the circumstances when plants perform the electron transport of photosynthesis with only one photosystem. Use appropriate terms. (5) 9. What is rhodopsin, and what is its role? (2) Biology 204: Principles of Biology I (Rev. C8) Assignment 2 A

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Part B: Multiple-choice questions Choose one answer only. Enter your choice into the form field below the question. 1. The term entropy refers to a. the first law of thermodynamics b. the second law of thermodynamics c. a form of energy that always increases d. potential energy e. an exergonic process 2. In one of the reactions of the citric acid cycle, malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate. When this reaction is considered in isolation, a small amount of malate remains and is not oxidized. The best term to explain this is a. equilibrium b. entropy c. enthalpy d. free energy e. loss of energy 3. Which of the following outcomes results from osmosis? a. Potential energy increases. b. Solutes move along their concentration gradient. c. ATP releases free energy. d. Entropy increases. e. Potential energy is transformed to chemical energy. 4. Figure 4.16 on page 84 of the textbook provides an example of coupled reactions. The combined ΔG of -3.9 kcal/mol is a. energy that is lost for the cell b. energy that can be re-used to drive another endergonic reaction c. energy that can be used to create ATP from ADP d. the enthalpy of the combined reaction e. energy that is available for anabolic pathways Biology 204: Principles of Biology I (Rev. C8) Assignment 2 A

5. Binding of molecules to allosteric sites of enzymes a. results in an inhibition of enzymatic action b. results in an increase of enzymatic action c. does not influence enzymatic action d. depends on the active site of the enzyme e. results either in an increase or an inhibition of enzymatic activity 6. Cellular respiration is a. an anabolic reaction b. a catabolic reaction c. a very old metabolic pathway d. happening at the same location as photosynthesis e. none of the above 7. The output of cellular respiration is a. ATP b. NADPH c. pyruvate d. glucose e. both a and b 8. Most reactions of anaerobic respiration are similar to a. aerobic respiration b. photosynthesis c. lactic acid fermentation d. alcoholic fermentation e. both c and d 9. In which of the following locations can you find ATP synthase? a. Stroma b. Matrix c. Thylakoid membrane d. Inner mitochondrial membrane e. Both c and d Biology 204: Principles of Biology I (Rev. C8) Assignment 2 A

10. In the absence of oxygen, a. glycolysis stops b. glycolysis is followed by lactate fermentation c. glycolysis is followed by anaerobic respiration d. alcoholic fermentation occurs without previous glycolysis e. both b and c 11. Which of the following processes does not occur in the mitochondria? a. Citric acid cycle b. Electron transport chain c. Pyruvate oxidation d. Glycolysis e. Chemiosmosis 12. The most common photoreceptor is a. chlorophyll a b. carotenoid c. chlorophyll b d. rhodopsin e. NAD 13. Photorespiration is comparable to respiration because in both pathways a. CO 2 is produced b. rubisco can act both as a carboxylase and an oxygenase c. a large amount of energy in the form of ATP is produced d. a large amount of NADH/NADPH is produced e. all of the above 14. Which of the following statements describes a difference between CAM and C4 plants? a. CAM plants eventually release CO 2 into the Calvin cycle, whereas C4 plants do not. b. C4 plants eventually release CO 2 into the Calvin cycle, whereas CAM plants do not. c. C4 plants fix CO 2 into a C4 compound first, whereas CAM plants do not. d. CAM plants avoid photorespiration, whereas C4 plants do not. e. In C4 plants, primary carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle are at different locations, whereas in CAM plants, they occur at different times. Biology 204: Principles of Biology I (Rev. C8) Assignment 2 A

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15. What is the immediate fate of the electrons in NADH during fermentation? a. They are used to make CO 2 . b. They are used to form H 2 O. c. They are transferred to an organic molecule. d. They are transferred to O 2 . e. They are transferred to the electron transport chain. 16. In glycolysis, the activity of ____ is controlled through feedback inhibition by ____. a. phosphofructokinase; ATP b. phosphoglucoisomerase; AMP c. pyruvate dehydrogenase; oxaloacetate d. phosphofructokinase; AMP e. phosphoglucoisomerase; glucose-6-phosphate 17. During chemiosmosis, ________ are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to electron acceptor molecules, and the energy released is used to create a(n) _______ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. a. ATP molecules; ADP molecule b. water molecules; oxygen c. protons; electron d. ADP molecules; ATP molecule e. electrons; proton 18. Which of the following substances is/are involved in the regulation of aerobic respiration? a. ATP b. Citrate c. NADH d. AMP e. All of the above 19. Which of the following processes or molecules is involved in the pumping of protons into the intermembrane space or thylakoid lumen? a. ATP synthase b. ETC c. Photosystem II d. NADH e. None of the above Biology 204: Principles of Biology I (Rev. C8) Assignment 2 A

20. When a pigment molecule absorbs light first and releases a photon subsequently, this is called a. fluorescence b. bioluminescence c. photoreception d. uncoupling e. photoperiod After receiving the marked assignment back, carefully read all comments from the marker and revise accordingly. If you had any of the MCQ incorrect, make sure to understand why you went wrong. Many studies have shown that revising mistakes results in learning improvement and closes gaps in your understanding. Do not hesitate to contact your Academic Expert if any of the comments are unclear. If your total mark for the assignment is below 75%, contact your Academic Expert for advice on how to improve your study habits. Biology 204: Principles of Biology I (Rev. C8) Assignment 2 A

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