Lab 6 and 7 (1)

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Lab 6 Nonvascular Plants (Ch. 23 in the textbook will be helpful with this lab) I. Introduction ● Read lab manual p. 207 Introduction . The evolution of plants is marked by adaptations to life on land . What features are present in those plants that have been the most successful on land? Some of the features that are present and most successful on land have very strong stems or trunks, deep and strong holding roots, and a large surface area of photosynthetic leaves. They are able to resist drying themselves out, and to use other animals to help spread their pollen. What is the importance of having a cuticle? The importance of having a cuticle is that, because it’s the outermost layer of plants, it covers and protects leaves, fruits, and plants from extreme temperatures, UV radiation, and other attacks and injuries. What protists are thought to be the most closely related to land plants? The protists that are thought to be the most closely related to land plants are green algae. What is a characteristic they share with plants? They have cellulose in their cell wall, they are photosynthetic, they both have chlorophyll A and B, and they store energy as starch. ● Read and complete p. 208 Algal Ancestor of Land Plants *omit measuring length of one cell Where can you find Chara living? Chara are usually found living in fresh hard water, and particularly in limestone areas throughout northern temperate zones.

Study fig. 17.2 p. 209 (picture of Chara ). Be able to identify node, main axis, and branch on a picture and living specimen. At each node there is a whorl of branches. What other structures grow at the node? The male and female reproductive structures grow at these nodes as well as the whorls of branches. II. Alternation of Generations ● Read and complete lab manual p. 209 Alternation of Generations . ● What defines the dominant generation ? Whichever generation lasts the longest for the plant's life cycle. ● Complete the following summary associated with alternation of generations. o Name the two generations that plants alternate between during their life cycle? o Which generation is 2n? Gametophyte generation n? Sporophyte generation o Which generation produces spores? Sporophyte o gametes? Gametophyte o What type of cell division will always create spores? M eiosis o What type of cell division will always create gametes? Mitosis Finish the following diagram of alternation of generations by adding the missing words and arrows. Diploid(2n)

Haploid (n) III. Nonvascular Plants – the bryophytes *Phylum Bryophyta= mosses Phylum Hepatophyta= liverworts ● Read and complete p. 210-211 Nonvascular Plants . Study fig. 17.4 and know the moss life cycle. What is the dominant generation of all bryophytes? The dominant generation of all bryophytes is the Gametophyte Upon what is the sporophyte dependent? The sporophyte is dependent on the reproduction of gametophytes to move to the next generation, sporophyte. Why is water necessary to complete reproduction? The sperm swims to the egg in water ● Read and complete p. 211-212 Observation: Moss Gametophyte and Observation: Moss Sporophyte. ● Read the textbook section Mosses . o What are the ecological values of moss? Historically it was used as wound dressing on battlefields o What is the commercial value of peat moss? Their cell walls' ability to absorb water is used to improve the water-holding capacity of the soil

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● Read and complete p. 213 Observation : Liverworts . Study fig. 17.8 as you complete this section and locate all structures discussed. Be sure you can distinguish male and female structures on the gametophyte thallus. What is the benefit of producing gemmae cups ? The benefits of producing gemmae cups is that it allows for an asexual start for new plants, by detaching from the thallus o See pressed and preserved samples of liverworts on demonstration. According to the textbook section 23.2 why are they called liverworts? According to the textbook liverworts are named this because it refers to the lobes of the thallus, which to some resemble the lobes of the liver. IV. Summary 1. Why are liverworts and mosses described as nonvascular? They lack xylem and phloem which are the vascular tissues in most plants that transports water and nutrients throughout the plant. 2. What impact does being nonvascular have on their size? Not being able to transport nutrients over distances causes these plants to be much smaller than most plants. 3. Do liverworts and mosses produce seeds? No Liverworts and mosses produce spores. 4. Why do liverworts and mosses need water for sexual reproduction? So the sperm they produce can swim to the female reproductive gametophyte for sexual reproduction, without water they wouldn’t be able to move. 5. When you see a liverwort or moss plant growing in the woods are you seeing the gametophyte or sporophyte generation? If you see a liverwort or moss growing in the woods you are likely seeing the gametophyte generation. 6. What can be said about the size of the sporophyte generation of bryophytes in comparison to the gametophyte generation? The sporophyte generation is much shorter than the gametophyte generation in the bryophytes which is unlike most plants.

Lab 7 Seedless Vascular Plants (Ch. 23 in the textbook will be helpful with this lab) I. Introduction ● Read and complete lab manual p. 213 Seedless Vascular Plants. o Describe the sporophyte of these plants. ▪ The sporophyte produces a sporangium, where meiosis takes place to produce haploid spores. ▪ The spores then undergo mitosis to become multicellular gametophyte o Describe the gametophyte of these plants. ▪ Multicellular haploid structure that develops the male, antheridia, and female, archegonia, gametangia. ▪ The male produces sperm and the female produces eggs, which will fuse, becoming a zygote and begin diploid part of life cycle II. Phylum Lycophyta (Club Moss) Ex. ground pine ( Lycopodium ) ● Read and complete lab manual p. 214 (#1-#4) Observation: Lycophytes – Ground Pines Ground pine specimens are on demo. ● Lycophytes are representatives of the first vascular plants to have vascular tissue . ● What is the important function of strobili ? With it being located off of the ground it allows for a more efficient dispersion of spores ● What is the benefit of producing a rhizome ? See textbook. The benefits of producing rhizomes includes more storage of starches and nutrients and the capability to produce a shoot and root system.

III. Phylum Psilotophyta (Whisk Ferns) ● Read and complete lab manual p. 215 Observation: Whisk Ferns. Specimens are on demo. ● Describe the unique structural features of these plants. o No leaves o The rhizome gives off upright, aerial stems with a branching pattern, where sporangia are located ● What will the sporangia produce? The sporangia will produce haploid spores ● Why are they given the common name whisk fern? They are given the common name whisk fern because they resemble whisk brooms IV. Phylum Sphenophyta (Horsetails) ● Read and complete lab manual p. 215 Horsetails . Specimens are on demo. ● Some horsetails are dimorphic (two body forms exist of the same plant). See example on display o What is the function of the sterile shoot? The sterile shoot appears after the fertile dies and it exists to photosynthesis and prepare for the next generation of fertile shoots (which can’t photosynthesize). o Fertile shoot? The function of a fertile shoot is to reproduce by the use of spores, which were produced in the strobilus. o Which shoot has a strobilus? The fertile shoot V. Phylum Pterophyta (Ferns)

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● Read and complete lab manual p. 216-219 Ferns and Observation: Fern Sporophyte. Be sure to study the life cycle. What is the importance of rhizomes ? The importance of rhizomes is to allow ferns to reproduce without sexual reproduction. What is the typical shape of a fern gametophyte? A heart shape What are fronds ? Fronds are the megaphylls on the underside where fern spores are produced Are the pressed samples of fern fronds on display the sporophyte or gametophyte generation? Sporophyte Are they n or 2n? 2n ● Observe living fern gametophytes on demonstration. Note its small size and heart shape. When considering alternation of generations what will these living gametophytes produce? When considering the alternation of generations the living gametophytes will produce both the antheridium and archegonium. ● Microscope Slide of Prothallus (gametophyte) . * Make sure you can differentiate between antheridia and archegonia . Sketch an example of each below. Prepared slide female Prepared slide male fern gametophyte fern gametophyte

Now look at the prepared slide on demonstration of fern gametophyte (prothallus) with young sporophyte. Sketch below and label gametophyte and young sporophyte. Gametophyte (faint) sporophyte When considering alternation of generation what must occur for a young sporophyte to form as shown in this slide? Considering alternation of generation a zygote must be formed by combining both a sperm and an egg. VI. Summary How does the sporophyte and gametophyte generation in the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants compare? Answer by completing the comparison table below using check marks. Characteristic Bryophytes Seedless Vascular dominant stage is gametophyte Yes no dominant stage is sporophyte no yes gametophyte is often heart-shaped no yes sporophyte is nonvascular yes no sporophyte is vascular no yes gametophyte is the leafy green plant no yes sporophyte is the leafy green plant yes no sporophyte is small or microscopic yes no Water is needed for fertilization to take place. yes no

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