Lab 4 and 5 Mold and Fungi (2)

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Lab 4 Slime Molds, Water Molds and Zygospore Fungi (Ch. 21 in the textbook will be helpful with this lab) I. Slime Molds Read lab manual p. 190-191 Slime Molds and textbook. ● What important ecological role do slime molds play in the environment? Slime molds play the role of being a decomposer and recycling nutrients in an ecosystem. ● State 3 reasons why slime molds are no longer considered to be fungi? - Cells in Slime Molds have flagella which is dissimilar to actual fungal cells - Slime molds consume their food through phagocytosis similar to amoeboids - Slime Mold can actually move compared to fungi which are planted. Phylum Myxomycota-plasmodial slime molds ex. Physarum ● Members of this phylum are commonly called plasmodial slime molds. Why? They are called plasmodial slime molds because they exist as a plasmodium, a fan-shaped, multinucleated mass of cytoplasm. ● Describe how plasmodial slime molds move and feed. Plasmodial slime molds moves along slowly and consumed decaying plant matter as it does so. ● Study and know the life cycle of a plasmodial slime mold shown on fig. 15.15 in the lab manual. Note sexual vs. asexual stages, spore production, n vs. 2n stages, and flagellated & amoeboid cells. When is a sporangium produced during the life cycle? The sporangium is produced when growth is stagnant or unfavorable, typically when there is a drought.

● Read and complete lab manual p. 192 Observation: Plasmodial Slime Mold . Specimens and photos will be on demo. II. Water Molds Phylum Oomycota ex. Saprolegnia ● Describe the appearance of water molds when growing on a fish or insect in the water. The appearance of water molds when growing on a fish or insect in water is cotton strands that come off of the organism. ● Where do you most often find water molds growing? Water molds most often grow in warm moist places such as fresh water or moist soil. ● Most water molds are saprotrophs . What does this mean? If something is a saprotroph it means that they nourish themselves by eating decaying matter. ● Others are parasites living on what type of animals? Host Animals ● What type of organism is Phytophthora infestans ? Phytophthora infestans are water molds, and are oomycetes. ● What impact has it had historically? Phytophthora infestans were the cause of the Irish potato famine ● How are water molds similar to fungi? Water molds are similar to fungi because they both feed off of dead organic matter. How are they different from fungi? Water molds are different from fungi since they are capable of locomotion.

● See the water mold Saprolegnia pictured in textbook (fig. 21.12) and the living specimen on demonstration. ➢ Within what kingdom do the slime molds and water molds belong? Kingdom Protista III. Kingdom Fungi 1. Read lab manual p. 195-196 Introduction to Fungi ● Highlight, study and know all the bold terms within the reading. ● What characteristic is most often used to classify fungi? The characteristics that are most often used to classify fungi includes appearance and form of reproduction. 2. Learn about Phylum Zygomycota by completing the following. ● Study life cycle of Rhizopus (black bread mold) on p. 197 of the lab manual. Be able to describe the sexual and asexual cycle and label a diagram . Is a zygospore a sexual or asexual spore? Sexual: How do you know? Only during sexual reproduction a zygospore is produced because the thick black walls are only produced then. ● Read & complete lab manual p. 196-198 Zygospore Fungi. Know all information given including bold terms. Lab 5 Sac Fungi, Club Fungi, and Lichen (Ch. 22 in the textbook will be helpful with this lab) I. Sac Fungi Phylum Ascomycota – the sac fungi ex. yeast, Peziza (cup fungus), morel, truffles, Aspergillus (brown mold), Penicillium (blue-green mold).

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● Read p. 198-199 Sac Fungi in the lab manual. ● Why are they commonly called sac fungi? They are called sac fungi because of the ascus, which is a fingerlike sac that develops during sexual reproduction. ● How many ascospores will be created? Eight ascospores are created following mitosis and meiosis. ● What is a fruiting body? A fruiting body is a reproductive structure where spores are produced and released. ● What important discovery was made by Alexander Fleming in 1928? The important discovery that was made by Alexander Fleming in 1928 was the discovery of penicillin. While examining a petri dish, Alexander Fleming observed an area around Penicillium that was free of bacteria because the mold produced an antibacterial substance. ● What is Candida albicans ? Candida albicans is a type of yeast that is normally present on the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth, vagina, or rectum A. Yeasts – unicellular ascomycetes ● Read lab manual p. 199 Yeasts. o How do yeast differ from most fungi? Most yeast differ from most fungi because they are not made up of hyphae. o What is budding? Budding is the unequal distribution of cytoplasm during cytokinesis. ● What commercial products do yeast help produce? Yeast allows for bread to rise and produce wine and beer through fermentation. Now complete #1-#3 Observation: Yeast. Make a sketch of living yeast cells. Note they are unicellular.

B. Cup Fungi – multicellular ascomycetes ● Read p. 200 Cup Fungi in the lab manual. o Why are cup fungi considered sac fungi? Cup fungi are considered sac fungi because they produce an ascocarp in which saclike asci develop. o Why are they called cup fungi? They are called cup fungi because usually the ascocarp is cup shaped. ● Study fig. 16.3 (picture a.) of a cup fungus. ● Read and complete p. 200 Observation: Cup Fungi . Sketch prepared slide of Peziza (at 400X) and label ascus and ascospores.

Blue Thin outline - Ascus Pink Ovals - Ascospores ● Observe other sac fungi on demo. Record their names below. Sarcoscypha Morchella ● See demo information regarding truffles . Where do truffles grow? Truffles grow near roots, underground. Describe the unique way that truffles have been located and collected. The unique way that truffles have been located and collected was by using pigs. C. Molds – ascomycetes that reproduce asexually to create conidia (conidiospores). ● Read p. 199 in the lab manual. Where do these molds produce their conidia? These molds produce their conidia on upright hyphae ● Read and complete Observation: Conidiophores and Conidiospores p. 201. Important: For #1 do not complete the activity. Just look at demonstration of Aspergillus mold growing in agar plate.

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*Sketch Penicillium (blue-green mold) and Aspergillus (greenish brown mold) from slides. Label conidia and conidiophores.

Conidia-small pink beads off of the fan like structure Conidiophores - pink fan like structure holding the conidia Penicillium Aspergillus Be sure you can differentiate between these two molds both on agar plates and microscopically. (See attached handout Microscopic Observation of Asexual Reproduction.) ● Read textbook Molds . o Fermentation of soybeans by Aspergillus produces soy sauce . What other ways is this mold used in the U.S.? Cheese (used for food), penicillin (used medically) o Can Aspergillus ever be harmful? Explain. Yes, Aspergillus can be harmful. This mold is mainly harmless, but some can cause serious illnesses when people with weakened immune systems come in contact with it. Aspergillus can also produce aflatoxin that may damage an animal's liver. II. Club Fungi Phylum Basidiomycota – the club fungi ex. puffballs, bird’s nest fungi, coral fungi, shelf fungi, Agaricus (common field mushroom), Coprinus ● Read lab manual p.201 Club Fungi . Study the life cycle shown on p. 202. How many basidiospores will form from each basidium? From each basidium there are 4 basidiospores that form from the result of meiosis. Where do the basidia (with basidiospores) form on a mushroom? The basidiospores form on the gills under the cap.

● Read and complete p. 202 Observation: Mushrooms . Sketch prepared slide Coprinus at 100X and 400X. Label basidia and basidiospores . 100 X 400X Basidia - long pink tendrils Basidiospores - small egg-like structure found on the edge of the basidia. ● See other club fungi (basidiomycetes) on display. Sketch and record their names below. IV. Fungi as Symbionts Read and complete p. 204 Fungi as Symbionts . Know all information provided. *Prepared slides of lichen and mycorrhiza will be on demonstration. ● Define mutualism.

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Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship where both members of the relationship, symbionts, benefit. ● What organisms form the body of a lichen? The organisms that form the body of a lichen are one or two fungal partners and a cyanobacterium or a green alga. ● What organisms form the relationship known as mycorrhizae? A fungus and a plant form the relationship in a mycorrhizae which benefits both symbionts. V. Review Complete review questions on p. 206.

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