Lab 8, 9 & 10

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Lab 8 Seed Plants: The Gymnosperms (Ch. 23 in the textbook will be helpful with this lab) I. Introduction ● Read lab manual p. 219-227 Introduction to Seed Plants . Seed plants use seeds to disperse the sporophyte generation. Seed plants protect the entire female gametophyte with a seed coat . Following fertilization what does the ovule become? fruit Do seed plants rely on water for getting sperm to egg? No Defend your answer. Seed plants rely on pollination to get the sperm to eggs usually with the help of winds and animals. II. Life Cycle Read and complete lab manual p. 220 Life Cycle of Seed Plants. ● Seed plants are heterosporous. What does this mean? They can produce both micro and mega spores ● Learn the steps of the life cycle of seed plants by using fig. 18.2 to complete the following diagram with arrows and correct terms.

II. Gymnosperms Read and complete lab manual p. 221-227 Gymnosperms . What is the meaning of the word gymnosperm? Naked seed *Observe various specimens of gymnosperms on display. Write their names in the table below, a brief description and give the phylum to which they belong. Common Name & Genus Brief Description Phylum Name Tamarack Larix laricina Small, irregular appearance, reddish-brown, and scaly bark Coniferophyta China-fir Cunninghamia Below Average Pine Cone size, the trees can grow up to 160 feet, Pine cone is a light brown Tracheophyta Cycad Bowenia Long dark banana like shape Cycadophyta Eastern Hemlock Tsuga canadensis Small pine cone with flaps that point down Coniferophyta Virginia Pine Pinus virginiana Reddish-brown trunk, cones are sharp, evergreen Coniferophyta

● Cycads and ginkgos are dioecious. What does this mean? Male and female reproductive parts are on separate flowers. ● Conifers are monoecious? What does this mean? Yes, conifers are monoecious. This means that they are both female and male at the same time. III. A Closer Look at Pine Trees 1. Study fig. 18.3 the Pine life cycle . 2. Read and complete p. 225 Pine Trees . 3. See fig. 18.5 on p.226. Distinguish between male and female cones in diagram. Now observe examples of male and female pine cones on demonstration. * You will NOT complete activity on p. 226 4. Read and complete p. 227 Microscopic Slides of Pine Cones. * A pollen grain contains two cells. What will each cell become? One will become a zygote and the other will become a endosperm *When completing #2 pine seed cone slide I recommend you observe the slide first at 40X and sketch in your lab manual an overall image similar to that of the male pine pollen cone (a). IV. Additional Questions Regarding Gymnosperms ● How are the needle-like leaves of pines and other conifers designed to conserve water? The pine needles have a thick cuticle and a wax coating that prevents water loss and conserves it. ● Where does pine oil come from and how is it used by humans? Pine oil comes from a variety of species of pine, but it particularly comes from Pinus sylvestris. Humans use pine oil for many uses, and some include adding the oil to food, beverages, cleaning products, air fresheners, candles, and other scents.

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● Why do pine trees secrete resin? Pine trees secrete resin to seal off wounds and to protect from insect damage ● Ginkgo trees have deciduous leaves while most other gymnosperms have evergreen leaves. What is the difference between deciduous and evergreen? Deciduous are flat and thin, typically wide with bumpy or raised veins. Deciduous will get rid of leaves in autumn. Evergreen leaves are typically thick shiny, waxy, smooth, and made out of needles Lab 9 Reproduction in Flowering Plants (Ch. 27 in the textbook will be helpful with this lab) 1. Read and complete the lab manual The Flower p. 274-277. All answers will be written in your lab manual. 2. Read and complete lab manual p. 284-286 Fruits . *Use Fruits on the table to complete p. 284-286 including the chart. Any image on this document should be classified and placed in the table on p. 286. *Make sure you know the difference between the 3 layers of the pericarp as well as the differences between the types of fruits in the table on p. 281.

Lab 10 Organization of Flowering Plants (Ch. 24 in the textbook will be helpful with this lab) I. Read lab manual p. 235 Introduction. Name the 3 vegetative (non-reproductive) organs of flowering plants and give their function. The root, the stem, and the leaf Complete p. 236 & be able to differentiate between herbaceous and woody plants. II. Major Tissues of Vegetative Organs Read p. 237 Major Tissues of Roots, Stems and Leaves ● Why can plants grow their entire life? The reason that plants grow their entire life is because of the unlimited division of Apical meristems and other meristems ● Where is apical meristematic tissue located? They are found at the tips of stems and roots which are growing. ● What type of cell division is taking place in meristematic tissue? Mitotic cell division is taking place in the meristematic tissue ● New cells produced by meristematic tissue can differentiate into 3 mature plant tissue types that can be located in the roots, stems and leaves of the plant. Complete the table below identifying these 3 tissue types and their location in the plant. Tissue Type Location and/or Specialized Cells Overall Function 1. Dermal Found on the outer layer of plants and surrounds the primary body, they contain parenchymatous To allow for the exchange of gasses through holes called stomata.

cells without intercellular spaces. 2. Vascular All plant organs, traversing roots, stems, and leaves Provides transport pathways for water, nutrients, and signaling molecules and supports a plant body against mechanical stresses. 3. Ground On/In the ground: roots, stem, and leaves It provides structure and support and it is storage for water and sugar. ➢ Now read and complete the lab manual p. 238 Mature Tissues . You will NOT look at prepared slides. Use the picture fig. 19.4 of a leaf to make your observations and answer the questions. III. Monocot Versus Eudicot Flowering Plants ● Study fig. 19.5 on p. 239 in the lab manual. Note the comparison between stem, leaf and flower of monocot and eudicot plants. The stem of a monocot will have vascular bundles all around the stem while eudicot plants will have them in a distinct ring. The leaf of a monocot will have a parallel pattern of veins while eudicots will have a net pattern of veins. The flower of a monocot will have flower parts in multiple of threes while a eudicot will have the parts in multiples of four.

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● Using the characteristics shown in fig. 19.5 look at the samples on demonstration in the room and classify them as monocot or eudicot. Sample Monocot or Eudicot Characteristic Used to Classify 1 Tomato Eudicot Two cotyledons in a seed 2 Strawberry Eudicots Leaf veins form a net pattern 3 Green Bean Eudicots Two cotyledons in a seed 4 Apple Eudicots Two cotyledon in a seed IV. Tissues of Stems ● Read and complete p. 244-248 Stems . ● Can monocot stems be herbaceous, woody or both? Both ● Can eudicot stems be herbaceous, woody, or both? Both ● When considering the 3 mature tissue types present in plant organs classify the following stem features into the correct tissue type. vascular bundle = Vascular Tissue cortex and pith = Ground Tissue epidermis = Epithelial tissue V. Anatomy of Woody Stems

● Read and complete p. 247 Anatomy of Woody Stems. o What is the difference between primary growth and secondary growth in stems? The difference between primary growth and secondary growth in stems is that the primary growth focuses more on vertical growth and length, while secondary growth focuses more on thickness or girth. o Explain how the vascular cambium is responsible for secondary growth. Vascular cambium is responsible for secondary growth by creating more xylem by becoming meristematic cells. o Where is phloem located in a woody stem? The phloem is located just below the bark found on the outside of the woody stem. o Why is it damaging to remove the bark from a tree? It makes the tree more susceptible to insects and disease. o What type of tissue is wood? Secondary Xylem Tissue (Vascular) o Differentiate between sapwood and heartwood. Heartwood is the dead wood that is less susceptible to fungi because it contains zero moustier while sapwood is still living. See the demonstration of wood sections on display. Locate annual rings, heartwood and sapwood in the samples. How can annual rings provide information about climate? Annual rings provide information about the climate because it shows the growth of the tree and allows for climate information to be derived from it. ● Based on what you have learned about primary growth and secondary growth explain why monocot stems can have their vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem but eudicot stems must have their vascular bundles arranged in a circle around the outer edge of the stem. The reason why there are vascular bundles in a circle around the outer edge is due to the need of growing on the outside of the eudicot. VI. Leaves 1. Read and complete lab manual p. 249 Leaves .

2. Obtain a prepared slide of eudicot leaf and find the same structures and tissues found on the model. o The picture (fig. 19.15) represents a eudicot leaf. Write the word eudico t above the picture. *How can you tell the top from the bottom of a eudicot leaf externally ? You can tell the top from the bottom of a leaf externally by color, the cuticle, and the bottom has no chloroplast. *How can you tell the top from the bottom of a eudicot leaf internall y? You can tell the top from the bottom of a leaf internally by the upper and lower epidermis and the spongy palisade mesophyll. 3. Now obtain a prepared slide of a monocot leaf . Observe how the internal tissue is arranged differently. Sketch an example and label the following: xylem, phloem, vascular bundle, epidermis, and mesophyll ← Cuticle ← Upper Epidermis ← Palisade Mesophyll Cells Vascular bundle: Xylem and Phloem ← Spongy Mesophyll Cells ← Lower Epidermis Notice the inside of a monocot leaf is NOT divided into palisade and spongy mesophyll like in the eudicot leaf. ● When considering the 3 mature tissue types present in plant organs the mesophyll found in a leaf would be classified as parenchyma tissue.

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● What cells and tissue type in the leaf are responsible for photosynthesis? Mesophyll What organelles are present inside these cells that give you this answer? Chloroplast ● Why is it necessary for the epidermis to be clear in color (no pigments)? To allow sunlight to pass through this protective layer and into the mesophyll, which contains chloroplast.

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