BIO151 Lab #11 Exercise-23

BIO51 Laboratory Manual Human Anatomy & Physiology II DCCC Urinary System 2023-2024 Lab #11 Urinary System Objectives: • Understand specific gravity and identify normal specific gravity values for urine • Learn to use a urine hydrometer to measure specific gravity • Define specific gravity and identify normal specific gravity values • Learn to use Urispec strips and analyze results • Identify various urine sediments observed from micrographs & posters • Observe slide of kidney and identify specific structures • Determine possible diseases / dietary causes / drugs for unknown urine samples using descriptive tables • Identify structures on male and female pelvis models Equipment: Gloves, safety glasses/goggles, & proper shoes are required I. Urinalysis Techniques Introduction A routine urinalysis consists of diagnostic tests used to assess urine compositon. There are three categories of tests that can be performed on a urine sample: direct observation, chemical analysis, and microscopic examination of urine sediments. Terms to know: Turbidity: visual quality based on clarity of solution. A cloudy (turbid) appearance indicates abnormal urine contents such as protein, salts, cells and cellular contents Specific gravity: density of a fluid as compared to distilled water; can be used as an indicator for osmolarity of the fluid. Note that specific gravity is a comparative number and therefore has no unit associated with it Urine sediment: microscopic solids that collects at the bottom of a centrifuged urine sample; includes normal and abnormal urine components Table 1. Normal Urine Characteristics Color Light yellow to dark golden yellow Turbidity Clear pH range 4.5 - 8 Specific gravity 1.010 -1.025 Sediments Epithelial cells, hyaline casts, crystals, mucous threads, bacteria Solutes (~5%) Electrolytes, urea, uric acid, creatinine, hormones Very small amounts of protein, glucose, bilirubin, ketones

BIO51 Laboratory Manual Human Anatomy & Physiology II DCCC Urinary System 2023-2024 Table 2. Abnormal Urine Color and Possible Causes Urine Color Diet Drugs Disease Clear to light yellow Alcohol Phosphate, carbonate Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus Yellow orange to dark green Carrots Antibiotics Bilirubin from obstructive jaundice Red to red brown Beets Laxatives Hemoglobin and urine Smoky red Beets Anticonvulsants Unhemolyzed red blood cells from urinary tract Dark wine Beets Anti-inflammatory drugs Hemolytic jaundice Brown black Rhubarb Antidepressants Melanin pigment from melanoma Brown Rhubarb Barbiturates Anemia or liver infections Green Green food dye Diuretics Bacterial infection Table 3. Abnormal Urinalysis Results and Possible Causes Urinalysis Test Results Possible Dietary Cause Possible Disease Cause Low pH ( < 4.5) High protein diet, cranberry juice Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus High pH ( > 8.0) Diet rich in vegetables, dairy products Severe anemia Low specific gravity ( < 1.010) Increased fluid intake Severe renal damage High specific gravity ( > 1.025) Decreased fluid intake, loss of fluids Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, severe anemia Glucose present Large meal consumed Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus Protein present High protein diet Severe anemia II. Observation and chemical analysis Materials • Control urine samples Normal High glucose High protein • Unknown urine samples A B • Test tubes • Urispec 11-way strips • Graduated cylinder (10 ml) • Wax pencil

BIO51 Laboratory Manual Human Anatomy & Physiology II DCCC Urinary System 2023-2024 of water at the meniscus on the hydrometer scale (see Figure 2). The smallest markings on the hydrometer are in 0.001 or 0.002 increments depending on the hydrometer. Distilled water reading: ___________ (to third place after decimal). Record this in Table 5 . If the measurement is not exactly 1.000, each sample measurement must be corrected for this difference. This is called a correction factor ; calculate using this equation: 1.000 – your reading = correction factor Record the correction factor in Table 5. [Write if the correction factor is positive (+) or negative (-)] 2. Next, measure the specific gravity of the normal urine sample. Remove the hydrometer from the jar and pour out the water. Add 35 ml of the normal urine sample to the jar. Repeat the method in step 1 to obtain the specific gravity measurement. Record your results in Table 2. Remove the hydrometer and pour the normal urine sample back into its original container. Rinse the hydrometer and jar well. 3. Repeat the procedure described in step 2 to obtain the specific gravity of the “ high ” and “ low ” urine samples. Use the same correction factor previously obtained in step 1. Record your results in Table 5. IV. Observation of Urine Sediments Urine sediments fall into the four general categories: a. Cells: epithelial cells (renal tubule cells, transitional cells, squamous cells), leukocytes, erythrocytes. Normal urine contains small numbers of body cells. High numbers of renal tubule cells indicate kidney disease, high numbers of leukocytes indicate infection, high numbers of erythrocytes may be due to menstruation, glomerular damage, or trauma to the urinary tract b. Casts : cylindrical masses of cells or other substances that collect in the distal convoluted tubule or the collecting ducts and are eventually flushed out by the flow of urine. Normal urine contains hyaline casts. RBC casts indicate glomerular damage, WBC casts indicate infection, waxy casts are the result of WBC casts that are retained in the tubules c. Crystals : high concentrations of some solutes can cause the formation of crystals Normal urine contains crystals of uric acid, calcium oxalate, triple phosphate crystals and calcium carbonate. Abnormal urine crystals include cysteine, tyrosine, and leucine. d. Mucus threads : long, thin strands of mucus Figure 3. General categories of urine sediments.

BIO51 Laboratory Manual Human Anatomy & Physiology II DCCC Urinary System 2023-2024 Normal urine contains small quantities of mucus threads. Large quantities indicate infection, especially sexually transmitted infections. Methods 1. Observe the set of micrographs of urine sediments. 2. Use the chart accompanying the micrographs and posters in the lab to help identify the category of each sediment example. Record your identification in Table 6 in the lab report. 3. Draw at least one example of each type of sediment (cell, cast, crystal, and mucous thread) in the boxes in the lab report. V. Observation of Kidney Slide Obtain kidney cross-section slide, draw and label these structures in your lab report: • glomerulus • glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule • renal tubule with simple cuboidal epithelium The walls of the renal tubules are largely composed of simple cuboidal epithelium. The glomerular ( Bowman’s ) capsule and the glomerulus will be found in the outer cortex and together form a renal corpuscle (clear ring surrounding a darker staining cluster). Have your microscope checked by your instructor VI. Observation of Human Pelvis Models Identify the following structures on the male and female models provided: A. Male B. Female 1. Epididymis 1. Cervix 2. Penis 2. Ovary 3. Prostate gland 3. Urethra 4. Scrotum 4. Urinary bladder 5. Seminal vesicles 5. Uterine tube 6. Testis 6. Uterus 7. Urethra 7. Vagina 8. Urinary bladder 9. Vas deferens Figure 4. Kidney cross-section. Glomerular capsule Glomerulus Renal tubule