Online Lab 3 The Cell

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Central Washington University *

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Dec 6, 2023

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Lab3: The cell Objectives : - List and explain the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells - List the major cellular organelles and explain the function of each - Draw and label a diagram of a eukaryotic plant cell. - Distinguish among animal cells, plant cells, and protist cells Materials: - No extra material needed for this lab Background: Cells are the smallest living unit and some organisms consist of only one cell (they are unicellular). There are many types of unicellular organisms, but all of them are quite simple and small. Some examples, as seen through a microscope, are included in Figure 4 – 1 E. Coli Paramecium Micrasterias Figure 4-1 Not all cells form single organisms, however. Organisms that can be easily seen with the naked eye are multicellular (composed of many cells). Multicellular organisms are more complex and usually consist of organized groups of cells (called tissues) that perform specific functions. Within cells are specialized structures that perform specific tasks (just as various organs within your body perform specific functions). These small structures reminded the first scientist who observed them of body organs, so they were named organelles (which means “tiny organs”). You may be familiar with one example of an organelle – the mitochondria- but cells contain many others. Regardless of whether an organism is unicellular or multicellular, its cells will fall into either of two distinct categories: prokaryotic (simple structure) or eukaryotic (more specialized). Fundamentals of Biology. Online Labs. Lab3
There are several ways to distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Table 4-1 summarizes the main differences. Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Organelles not enclosed by a membrane Many types of membrane-bound organelles Simple organization Complex organization Genetic material free-floating within cell Genetic material enclosed in a nucleus Small in size Many times larger (but still microscopic) Single celled Often multicellular Activity 1 1. Label each unicellular organism in Figure 4-1 as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. 2. Are your body cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Explain your answer Activity 2 1. Using the characteristics of internal and external structures listed in your text book draw a simplified prokaryotic cell and a simplified eukaryotic cell in the spaces provided below. Make your drawings large so you can add additional parts later. Include and label: cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell 2. What organelle(s) do your two cells have in common? 3. In regard to your drawings, what are the most important features you used to differentiate between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Fundamentals of Biology. Online Labs. Lab3
Activity 3 Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells. This complexity derives from the fact that they contain more organelles and are able to perform a greater variety of functions. 1. Using information from your textbook and the Internet, go to Table 4-3 , then, enter the name of the cellular organelle that performs each of the functions. 2. Figure 4-3 contains the outline of a eukaryotic plant cell. The outline represents the cell membrane and cell wall of the cell. Search the Internet for a photo of each organelle listed in Table 4-3. Using the photos your find as a guide, add a drawing of each organelle to the cell diagram in figure 4-3. Figure 4-3 Fundamentals of Biology. Online Labs. Lab3
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Table4-3 – Scavenger Hunter Organelle Function Organelle Name Packages and exports molecules for use outside the cell in which they were made Location where amino acids are assembled into large polymers Location where solar energy is converted into food energy Membrane bound compartment that encloses the chromosomes Internal membrane system that transports materials inside the cell Rigid exterior structure that strengthens and protects the cell Semi-liquid “soup” that fills the space not occupied by the cell organelles Location where food energy is converted into ATP energy Section of the internal membrane system where carbohydrates and lipids are synthesized Section of the internal membrane system that has ribosomes attached Water storage organelle 3. Which of the organelles you Dre in Figure 4-3 would not be found in animal cells? If there’s more than one answer, list them all. 4. Which additional organelles, not mentioned in Table 4-3, are commonly found in animal cells? List at least three include their functions. 5. If a cell blocked the entrance of a specific molecule, which organelle would perform that function? 6. You forgot to water your house plants when you went on vacation. Upon your return you notice that they’re severely wintered. What cell organelle is involved? Fundamentals of Biology. Online Labs. Lab3
7. Which organelle can only perform its functions during the daytime? Why? 8. Bacteria also have cell walls, but they’re made of different materials and have a different type of construction than plant cell walls. Several types of antibiotics target and damage the cell wall killing bacteria. Why are these medications safe for people to take? Fundamentals of Biology. Online Labs. Lab3

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