20 Questions for Week 2

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Rasmussen College, Minneapolis *

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MAN3120CBE

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Biology

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Feb 20, 2024

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~~Prep Work for Patho Week 2~~ 20 Questions About Acid/Base Balance & Immunity 1. What ion is responsible for acidic conditions? (Chapter 6) Hydrogen ion 2. What 2 organs help control acid-base balance? (Chapter 6) the renal system and the pulmonary system are the two main modulators. The kidney and lung 3. What acidic molecule can be exhaled to help maintain acid-base balance? (Chapter 6) .carbon dioxide 4. What basic (alkalotic) molecule can be excreted to help maintain acid-base balance? (Chapter Bicarbonate 5. For an arterial blood gas sample, what is the normal range for pH, pCO 2 , & HCO 3 ? (Chapter 6) pH (7.35-7.45) , pCO2 is 35 – 45 mmHg, HCO3 (22-26 meq/L) 6. What are the 3 stages of general adaptation syndrome? (Chapter 2) General adaption syndrome, consisting of three stages: (1) alarm, (2) resistance, and (3) exhaustion . 7. What substances are secreted during the alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome? (Chapter 2) Alarm stage fight or flight response 8. What is the body’s first line of defense against infection? (Chapter 2) The skin 9. Describe the steps of the local inflammatory response that occurs after an injury. (Chapter 2: Figure 2-4 The are three main stages of inflammation which can each vary in intensity and duration: Acute -swelling stage . Sub-acute – regenerative stage . Chronic – scar tissue maturation and remodeling stage . 10.What part of the inflammatory response causes the localized redness and warmth seen with inflammation? (Chapter 2)

vasodilation 11.What is the role of histamine in the inflammatory response? (What does it do in the body?) (Chapter 2) Histamine increases blood supply to the injured area causing inflammatory response. 12.Fill in the following chart with an example of active natural immunity, active artificial immunity, passive natural immunity, and passive artificial immunity. (Chapter 2) Active natural immunity- Naturally acquired active immunity occurs after an infection activates the person's immune system. For example, non-immunized children who develop measles and recover from the illness, get better because they have made an effective immune response against the measles virus. Active artificial immunity- Artificial active immunity is the result of vaccination. Common examples of vaccines include Polio, Hepatitis B, Chickenpox, and Smallpox. Passive natural immunity- For example, passive immunity occurs when a baby receives a mother's antibodies through the placenta or breast milk . Passive artificial immunity- when a person receives antibodies in the form of an injection (gamma globulin injection). 13.Define the term hypersensitivity . (Chapter 2) Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system , including allergies and autoimmunity. 14.List an example for (each) Type I, Type II, Type III, and Type IV hypersensitivity reactions. (Chapter 2) Anaphylaxis is an example of type I hypersensitivity reaction, Hemolytic anemia is a type II hypersensitivity. rheumatoid arthritis, and an Arthus reaction . Examples include contact dermatitis, poison ivy, tuberculin skin test, and certain drug reactions, such as allopurinol. 15.Define the term opportunistic infection . (Chapter 2) Opportunistic infections (OIs) are infections that occur more often or are more severe in people with weakened immune systems than in people with healthy immune systems.

16.What types of conditions or treatments put patients at risk for becoming immunocompromised ? (Chapter 2) This includes people who have cancer and are on chemotherapy, or who have had a solid organ transplant, like a kidney transplant or heart transplant, and are taking medication to keep their transplant. 17.List 3 opportunistic infections that might be seen in patients that are immunocompromised. (Chapter 2) Pneumonia, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis 18.Describe the steps of carcinogenesis . (Chapter 1) The process of carcinogenesis may be divided into at least three stages: initiation, promotion, and progression. The first stage of carcinogenesis, initiation, results from an irreversible genetic alteration, most likely one or more simple mutations, transversions, transitions, and/or small deletions in DNA. The reversible stage of promotion does not involve changes in the structure of DNA but rather in the expression of the genome mediated through promoter-receptor interactions. The final irreversible stage of progression is characterized by karyotypic instability and malignant growth. 19.Define the term anaplasia . (Chapter 1) Anaplasia is a term used to describe cells that have lost the unique characteristics that define them as a certain tissue type . 20.List three differences between benign and malignant cells. (Chapter 1) A benign tumor has distinct, smooth, regular borders. A malignant tumor has irregular borders and grows faster than a benign tumor . A malignant tumor can also spread to other parts of your body. A benign tumor can become quite large, but it will not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of your body.

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