Scientific Writing #1

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Feb 20, 2024

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Name: Scientific Writing Assignment #1: Plagiarism and Paraphrasing *This assignment was adapted from: Zwick, M., Springer, M. L., Guerrero, J. K., DiVentura, D., & York, K. P. (2019). An Activity to Promote Recognition of Unintentional Plagiarism in Scientific Writing in Undergraduate Biology Courses. Journal of microbiology & biology education, 20(2), 20.2.38. Instructions: Read through the entire document and answer all questions. It would also help with grading if you put your typed answers in a different (but readable) color font . Save and upload your completed assignment to the associated assignment page on Canvas. It is the student’s responsibility to confirm that the correct file was submitted to Canvas by the due date. What is plagiarism and why is it important to avoid it? The code of conduct and Indiana University defines plagiarism as presenting someone else's work, including the work of other students, as one's own. Academia holds high standards when it comes to properly recognizing and acknowledging the contributions and ideas of others. Without proper acknowledgment, you can mislead others into believing the ideas you are presenting are entirely your own. Plagiarism can be intentional or unintentional. A student may unintentionally plagiarize when they unknowingly cite a source inaccurately or improperly. However, when a student chooses not to cite a source or tries to pass off someone else’s ideas as their own, this is intentional plagiarism. Regardless if plagiarism is intentional or unintentional, it is still considered academic misconduct a can result in severe consequences. At Indiana University, the consequences of committing plagiarism can range from receiving a failing grade to expulsion. Plagiarism discovered after graduation can even result in your degree being revoked. As such, it is critical that you learn how to recognize and avoid plagiarism through proper paraphrasing and citing of sources. Types of Plagiarism The Harvard College Writing Program notes six common forms of plagiarism: 1. Verbatim plagiarism: You copy someone else’s work word for word. 2. Mosaic plagiarism: You take pieces from one or more sources and fail to sufficiently paraphrase or directly quote information. 3. Inadequate paraphrase (aka patchwriting): Your paraphrase too closely resembles the original content. 4. Uncited paraphrase: You properly paraphrase someone else’s content but don’t give credit to the original source. 5. Uncited quotation: You quote information in your writing but don’t provide the original source for your readers. 6. Using another student’s work: You submit and take credit for another student’s ideas. 1

Watch the Video posted on the assignment page, and answer the following questions , in your own words: 1. (2pts) What is patchwriting plagiarism? Why do you think this is a very common form of plagiarism found among students? *Quick reminder: While this assignment is teaching you how to properly paraphrase, still make sure that all answers are in your own words. Patchwriting plagiarism is when a person uses most of the words from the original source in their own writing and only rewords a few parts. I think it’s very common due to the fact that a lot of times one may not actually understand what they are talking about and so in order to make sure they are saying the correct information, the student may unintentionally use patchwork plagiarism. 2. (1pt) Assuming that you properly paraphrased information from a source, why is it still important that you include an in-text citation? It’s important to use in-text citations because even though you may have put the information into your own words, the original ideas are not your own and/or they are not common knowledge. This can make it seem like you are trying to say that these ideas were your own work. 3. (1pt) Is it considered plagiarism if directly quote from a source and include quotation marks and an in-text citation? Why are direct quotes not used in scientific writing? It is not considered plagiarism if you directly quote from a source and include quotation marks and an in-text citation. However, direct quotes aren’t used in scientific writing because quotes usually distract from the point that is being made and often it may not be original work. 4. (1pt) List at least two tips on how to approach paraphrasing a source. Two tips in how to approach paraphrasing a source is by, one, rereading the passage until you can fully comprehend the meaning of it or explaining it to someone else, and two try not look at the original text when trying to put it into your own words. 5. (1pt) Do you have to cite the statement, “there are seven days in a week?” Why or why not? You don’t have to cite it as this is common knowledge. 6. Read the following passage and then determine if the following sample sentences (a-d) are plagiarized or not. For each, specifically, explain why they are plagiarized or not. Hint: only one of the following sample statements is not plagiarized. 2

Original text: Most migrant dragonflies in cool temperate North America are members of genera or species groups that are tropical in origin, and their behavior and life history may partly reflect their tropical ancestry, but their environment necessitates new adaptations. In many temperate zone species, larval diapause is an alternative to adult migration, and in tropical species, adult diapause may provide a means of surviving dry periods, but thermoperiod and hydroperiod are the essential drivers and enablers of dragonfly migration. May M. 2013. A critical overview of progress in studies of migration of dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera), with emphasis on North America. J Insect Conserv 17(1):1-15. a. (1pt) Sample sentence: Dragonflies living in both temperate and tropical zones may rely on migration to survive temperature and water stressors. This sentence is plagiarized since it does not include any citations. b. (1pt) Sample sentence: Thermoperiod and hydroperiod are the essential drivers and enablers of dragonfly migration (May 2013). This sentence is plagiarized since it was directly taken from the text and although it includes citations, the direct quote does not have any quotations around it. c. (1pt) Sample sentence: Migratory dragonfly species in North America originated from tropical ancestors (May 2013). This sentence is not plagiarized as it is paraphrased well and only includes key scientific words from the original text and it uses quotations. d. (1pt) Sample sentence: Most dragonflies that live in North America and migrate are members of genera and species that originated in the tropics (May 2013). This sentence is plagiarized as it uses most of the words from the original text and only rewords a few words. 7. (5pts) Paraphrase the following text: Original text: The bleaching of coral reefs, in which symbiotic algae are lost from reef building ‐ invertebrates, is usually considered to be a drastic and damaging response to adverse environmental conditions. Here I report results from transplant experiments involving different combinations of coral host and algal symbiont that support an alternative view, in which bleaching offers a high risk ecological opportunity for reef corals to rid themselves rapidly of ‐ suboptimal algae and to acquire new partners. This strategy could be an advantage to coral reefs that face increasingly frequent and severe episodes of mass bleaching as a result of projected climate change. 3

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Baker AC. 2001. Reef corals bleach to survive change. Nature 411: 765 766. ‐ Type your paraphrase here: Coral reefs bleach as a survival response to dire changes in their environments (Baker 2001). In an article written by AC Baker, a series of experiments showed that the bleaching process of coral hosts allowed from them to be rid of old algae symbiont during unexpected climate change and this may be advantageous to them in allowing for newer and healthier bonds to be formed with new algae as opposed to the older ones. 4

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