ALA–Communities(1)

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University of North Dakota *

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Feb 20, 2024

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ALA – Community Ecology (be sure to DOWNLOAD AND SAVE this file BEFORE you enter responses) Please enter the following: Class Time: Group (A, B, or C): Team (Table) No. Once you finish this assignment, enter the names of trio members who are present AND helped with completing this ALA (if a trio member did not contribute to the assignment, do not enter their name): Student #1 (Recorder) Student #2 Student #3 Student #4 ALA Reminders:  Submit just ONE completed file per trio (the “recorder” will submit).  Recorder should consider emailing completed assignment to others in trio.  The role of “Recorder” should rotate among trio members throughout the semester.  Save file to desktop (or somewhere you can locate) , then upload when submitting your assignment.  Submit completed assignment as either a Word or PDF file ( not as a google doc or “Pages” file common on Macs ).  You must make notable contributions to the completed assignment and your name must be on the assignment to receive credit. It is up to you to make sure the "recorder" enters your name before submitting.  Unless indicated otherwise by Dr. C, ALAs must be submitted by the end of class to receive credit .  You may use your book, internet, or any other resources you wish to answer these questions. Be sure to ask Dr. C if you need help! STOP! If you are at all unsure about how to prevent a submission of a blank file, do a quick test run before you proceed any further. Save this file with info entered above locally on your device then submit through blackboard. Then, check your submission to make sure it does indeed show the correct version. 1

Why do we find large numbers of species in the tropics? 1. Consider the relationship between number of species and latitude illustrated below. Develop two hypotheses to explain this relationship. a. Hypothesis 1 = b. Hypothesis 2 = c. Now go to the following internet search site to find research published on this question: https://scholar.google.com/ Provide a BRIEF summary from one of your findings (include a citation as well). Latitude (degrees north or south) Number of vascular plant species per 10,000 km 2 Equator Near poles 2

How do interactions among species benefit (or harm) each other? Ants, treehoppers, and jumping spiders are often found on the same plant. Take a look at the following short video (shot at Turtle River State Park) that shows ants and treehoppers: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c2pCHbv8A6M You can also take a look at jumping spiders in slow motion at the site below. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FfOrLNXIN-8 Jumping spiders tend to eat the treehoppers but ants will often protect the treehoppers from the spiders (since the treehoppers provide phloem sap that is consumed by the ants). An experiment examining the relationship between the ants and treehoppers is presented below. Treehoppers Treehoppers Ant Plants with ants Plants with ants removed Study plot, 1000 m 2 J umping spiders common J umping spiders rare Year 1: Year 2: Average number of young treehoppers per plant J uly / August J uly / August With ants No ants 2. Is the relationship between the ants and treehoppers mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic? Explain. 3. Do ants provide more of a benefit to treehoppers when jumping spiders are present or absent? Explain 3

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What is the difference between a species fundamental niche and realized niche? 4. The experiment below explored the fundamental niche versus the realized niche of Chthamalus (a type of barnacle) by examining its relationship with another barnacle ( Semibalanus ). What do these results indicate- is the fundamental niche of Chthamalus the same as its realized niche? In other words—do we only find Chthamalus growing on the upper portions of rocks because it isn’t able to survive complete submersion in water, or, because it is outcompeted by Semibalanus? Explain. Why is the distribution of adult Chthamalus restricted to the upper intertidal zone? Adult Chthamalus are outcompeted in the lower intertidal zone. Adult Chthamalus do not thrive in the physical conditions of the lower intertidal zone. Chthamalus in upper intertidal zone Semibalanus in lower intertidal zone 2. Let Semibalanus colonize the rocks. 1. Transplant rocks containing young Chthamalus to lower intertidal zone. Mean tide level 3. Remove Semibalanus from half of each rock. Monitor survival of Chthamalus on both sides. Semibalanus Chthamalus Chthamalus + Chthamalus will survive better in the absence of Semibalanus . Chthamalus survival will be low and the same in the presence or absence of Semibalanus . Competitor present Competitor absent Percent survival of C h t h am a lu s 4

What are some of the factors that impact the number of species found on islands? 5. The Equilibrium Model of Island Biogeography predicts that the number of species that can be maintained on islands is largely a function of two main factors: 1) the size of the island and, 2) how far away the island is from the mainland (which can serve as a source of organisms that can colonize and live on the island). Panel “a” below illustrates the equilibrium number of species that can be maintained on an island. The idea is that as more species colonize an island, it is less and less likely that immigration of new species will occur and it is more and more likely for any given species to go extinct . Panels “b” and “c” take that same basic idea but incorporate equilibrium number predictions based on size of islands and their relative distance to the mainland. Identify the labeled slopes below. Your choices are as follows:  Large island  Small island  Nearshore island (close to a mainlaind)  Remote island (far away from mainland) A = B = C = D = E = F = Immi gration (a) Species richness depends on the number of existing species. (b) Species richness depends on island size. (c) Species richness depends on remoteness of the island. Rates of immigration or extinction Rates of immigration or extinction Rates of immigration or extinction Immigration Extinction Ex ti nc ti o n Immigration Extinction Large islan d Equilibrium number Number of species on island Number of species on island Number of species on island Nearshore A B C D E F 6. What type of island is predicted to maintain the most species? 7. Do the data below match the predictions made by the equilibrium model of island biogeography? Explain. 5

How do changes in one trophic level impact other trophic levels? Use the chain of consumption in the image above to answer the following questions If Collared Lemmings are removed from the community will the rate of consumption increase or decrease in the following interactions: 8. Consumption of Collared Lemming by Bald Eagles: 9. Consumption of Salix (willow) by Collared Lemming: 10. Consumption of Snow Goose by Arctic Fox: 11. Consumption of Lichen by Caribou: 12. Hypothesize what would happen to the plant populations ( Salix and Puccinellia ) if the top predators (Eagle, Wolf, and Fox) were removed from the community above. 6

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How can we describe species richness and diversity? Four hypothetical insect communities are depicted in the grids below. Each grid cell is occupied by only one individual (either a fly, bee, beetle, butterfly, or cricket). Community 1 Community 2 Community 3 Community 4 13. Which community is the most species rich? 14. Which community is the least species rich? 15. What is the relative abundance of bees in Community 3? 16. How does the evenness of community 1 compare to that of community 2 (is it greater, lesser or equally even)? 17. Compare communities 1 and 4. Which of those two do you PREDICT is more diverse? 7

Some measures of species diversity take into account the relative abundance of each species. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index is one example. The formula for calculating the SW Diversity Index is shown below. Where: H’ = Value of the Diversity Index P i = Proportion of each species ln = Natural logarithm of P i S = Number of species in the community To calculate a SW Diversity Index, you simply: 1. Calculate the proportion of individuals in the community that belong to each species. 2. Multiply the natural log of each proportion times the proportion itself for each species. 3. Sum the results for all species (and then multiply by -1). Example: A community consist of: 2 Snakes 2 Worms 6 Spiders What is the SW Diversity Index? Snakes: Worms: Spiders: 2/10 = 0.2 2/10 = 0.2 6/10 = 0.6 ln of 0.2 = -1.609 ln of 0.2 = -1.609 ln of 0.6 = -0.511 -1.609 x 0.2 = -0.322 -1.609 x 0.2 = -0.322 -0.511 x 0.6 = -0.307 SW Diversity Index = -0.322+ -0.322+ -0.307 = -0.951 (-1) = 0.951 Communities with a greater SW Diversity Index are considered more diverse than those with a lower Index. Let’s return to Communities 1 and 4 above. 18. What is the SW Diversity Index for Community 1? 19. What is the SW Diversity Index for Community 4? 20. Which community is more diverse? And, how does this compare with your response to #17 above? DON’T FORGET TO ENTER NAMES AT THE TOP OF PAGE 1! RECORDER—Submit as a PDF or Word file. 8

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