Bio 2 Ch 20 Worksheet

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Feb 20, 2024

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Tyler - OpenStax Spring 2020 General Biology II – Worksheet 1 (Ch 20-22) Chapter 20 –Phylogenies and the History of Life Flash Card Terms: Analogous Biological species concept Clade Cladistics Class Conjugation Convergence Domain Endosymbiotic theory Family Genus Homologous characters Horizontal gene transfer Ingroup Kingdom Linnaean system MCRA Monophyletic Node Order Outgroup Paraphyly Phylogenetic species concept Phylogenetic tree Phylogeny Phylum Polytomy Ring of life model Rooted tree Rule of parsimony Shared ancestral character Shared derived character Sister taxa Species Species epithet Species name Synapomorphy Systematics Taxon Taxonomy Transduction Transformation Unrooted tree Vertical gene transfer Web of life model Answer the following questions : 1. What are the primary characteristics of life? 2. Give a range of estimated diversity of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Tyler - OpenStax Spring 2020 3. Why is the fossil record incomplete? What implications does this have on using the fossil record to determine evolutionary history of organisms? 4. What are the differences among systematics, phylogeny and taxonomy? 5. Contrast rooted versus unrooted phylogenetic trees. Draw an example of each. 6. Draw and label the parts of a cladogram (include: clades, root, nodes, polytomy, sister taxa, MCRA).
Tyler - OpenStax Spring 2020 7. What is meant by the statement, in reference to a cladogram…”rotation around a node does not change the relationships of the clades”. 8. Describe the Linnaean system of taxonomy. What are the different ‘levels’ of taxa (in order) from most general to the most specific? 9. What are the technical usage rules of binomial nomenclature for species and family names. 10. Describe the differences between homologous and analogous (convergent) structures. Which are of most value to determining phylogenies? Give a couple of examples of each.
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Tyler - OpenStax Spring 2020 11. What are some limitations to using molecular data in determining phylogenies? 12. What are several important reasons, other than just understanding evolutionary relationships, that phylogenies are important in modern biology? 13. In cladistics analyses, why is monophyletic groups an important goal? What is a monophyletic group? What is a paraphyletic group? 14. What is meant by the statement “shared ancestral characters” do not provide meaningful information about the evolutionary relationships within a clade.” What kind of characters DO provide meaningful information about relationships within a clade? 15. What is meant by the statement that “a character may be derived or ancestral, depending on the context”. Give an example.
Tyler - OpenStax Spring 2020 16. Describe the rule of parsimony. 17. Contrast the biological and phylogenetic species concepts. What are some problems with each? 18. Contrast the differences between vertical and horizontal gene transfer, in reference to understanding phylogenies. Give examples of each. 19. Briefly describe the primary concepts of the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotes. 20. Briefly describe and contrast the different models of evolution (tree, web and ring of life). DRAW an example of each.
Tyler - OpenStax Spring 2020
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