Digestive System Lab Report

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Feb 20, 2024

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BioLab 3 Digestive System Lab Report Asad Siraj Jasani, 02/09/24, Bio The lab report is unique each semester and checks have been put into place to ensure students are doing their own work. Copying from other students or from outside sources will result in a zero on the accompanying lab quiz. I. Human Digestive System 1. Which enzyme is secreted by the salivary glands into the mouth to begin chemical digestion? What food is digested by this enzyme? --- Saliva contains special enzymes that help digest the starches in your food. An enzyme called amylase breaks down starches (complex carbohydrates) into sugars, which your body can more easily absorb 2. What is the purpose of bile? --- Bile is a fluid made and released by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile helps with digestion. It breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can take into the body by the digestion tract 3. Why does the stomach contain deep folds? What are they called? --- The narrower end is called the pyloric canal, which connects to the duodenum. The smooth muscle pyloric sphincter is located at this latter point of connection and controls stomach emptiness. In the absence of food, the stomach deflates inward, and mucosa and submucosa fall into large folds called rugae 4. What is the function of the pancreas? --- A glandular organ located in the abdomen. It makes pancreatic juices, which contain enzymes that aid in digestion, and it produces several hormones, including insulin. The pancreas is surrounded by the stomach, intestines, and other organs. II. Villi 1. In Lab Section II, Exercise 1, draw and label a villus using the following terms: venule, capillary, lymph vessel, arteriole, and simple columnar epithelium. Sign, date and prepare an image of your drawing and include it with this lab report. © 2024 Access Learning Systems SP24-B 1
2. What is the function of the lymph vessel within a villus? --- The blood vessels are thought to transport proteins and carbohydrates absorbed by the cell of the villi, while the lymphatic capillary removes droplets of emulsified fat (chyle). The muscle strand allows the villi to contract empty the contents of the lacteal into larger lymphatic vessels 3. What is the difference between villi and microvilli? --- The main difference between villi and microvilli is that villi are small projections on the mucous membrane, particularly in the small intestine. However, microvilli are tiny extensions that mainly occur on the cell membranes of different organs. 4. In Lab Section II, Exercise 2, identify the structures labeled A, B, C, D, and E of the human gastrointestinal tract. --- A: Hard Palate B: Epiglottis C: Liver D: Gall Bladder E: Ascending Large Intestine III. Fetal Pig Digestive System 1. In Lab Section III, Exercise 3, what is the difference between the hard and soft palate? --- Hard palate is a bony plate at the top of the mouth and the soft palate is a soft structure at the back of the roof of the mouth that prevents food from going up to the nose. 2. What is the difference between the glottis and the epiglottis? --- Glottis opens the windpipe and produces sound. The epiglottis is a cartilaginous flap on top of the glottis that prevents the food from entering the larynx. The main difference between glottis and epiglottis is their function and structure. 3. Where is the stomach located? --- On the left side of the pig it is partially covered by the liver. 4. What role do the sphincters play in digestion? © 2024 Access Learning Systems SP24-B 2
--- These muscles are gateways that allow food and gastric juices to pass from one part of your digestive tract to the next. IV. Digestion 1. In Lab Section IV, Exercise 4, why did the solution in test tube 2 have two distinct layers? --- Two different liquids do not mix (or mix very little, only partly soluble) with each other they are heterogeneous resulting in forming two distinct layers or phases. 2. In Lab Section IV, Exercise 5, record observations of color changes observed in test tubes one through four at 30 minutes. Tube 0 min. 10 min. 20 min. 30 min. 1 Purple Pink Pink Pink 2 Purple Pink Pink Pink 3 Purple Purple Purple Purple 4 Purple Purple Purple Purple 3. What was the source of lipase in the experiment? --- 1% Pancreatin 4. What happens to the pH of a solution as fats are broken down? --- It became alkaline. 5. In Lab Section IV, Exercise 6, what color indicates a positive test for starch? --- Blue-black 6. In Lab Section IV, Exercise 7, record the rate of starch digestion for each test tube. Test Tube Temperatur e No. of Wells Tested Before Color Change x 30 Sec Elapsed Time (seconds) A 5c Denatured x 30 0 B 23c 12 x 30 360 C 37c 0 x 30 360 D 60c 12 x 30 360 E 80c Denatured by heat x 30 0 7. Using the data above, prepare a graph of elapsed time (Y-axis) for each temperature (X-axis). Sign and date your graph and submit it with this lab report. © 2024 Access Learning Systems SP24-B 3
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8. Discuss the results shown in your graph. --- The chemical breakdown of starch by amylase can be followed by using a starch solution stained blue-violet with iodine. Chemists tell us that the blue-violet coloration is caused by iodine atoms filling the middle of the helical-shaped starch molecule 9. Describe the function of salivary amylase in digestion. --- Breaking down the large macromolecules into simpler components helps the body to digest starchy foods © 2024 Access Learning Systems SP24-B 4
Summary Questions 1. What is the function of the capillaries in a villus? --- They carry the absorbed nutrients such as proteins and carbohydrates away from the villi 2. What is the difference between the cardiac sphincter and pyloric sphincter? Describe the location and function of each. --- The cardiac sphincter is located below the esophagus and helps prevent stomach contents from going back up into the esophagus. The pyloric sphincter connects to the small intestine and controls the release of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum 3. What sort of digestion occurs in the mouth? --- Amylase starts to break down carbohydrates and sugars 4. Describe the processes that occur in the small intestine. --- It absorbs almost all the nutrients you get from foods. The walls of the small intestine produce digestive enzymes that work together from the liver and pancreas 5. Where is the pharynx and what is its function? --- It is a passageway leading from the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the esophagus. passageway for air, food, and liquid 6. Is the appendix a vital organ? Where is it found in the human body? --- No, it is not a vital organ. It is in the lower right part of the abdomen 7. What are enzymes? Explain how they function in degradation reactions. --- Enzymes are biological molecules that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions without being consumed. In degradation reactions, enzymes break down larger molecules into smaller ones by binding to the substrate and lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. 8. What was the purpose of the litmus solution in the fat digestion experiment? --- To indicate the pH in a sample. Color changes indicate whether a solution is acidic or basic 9. How did you determine when starch digestion was complete? --- The Iodine tests. Starch is a blue color 10. Compare average human body temperature to the optimum temperature of salivary amylase. --- The optimum temperature for the enzymatic activity of salivary amylase ranges from 32 degrees Celsius to 37 degrees Celsius. Average human body temperature is about 37 degrees Celsius © 2024 Access Learning Systems SP24-B 5