A10_Seno_Cristopher

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Assignment 10 Answer Sheet The questions for your assignment come from your lecture notes and textbook readings (Chapter 10). Please provide your answers to the assigned questions on this answer sheet. Make sure you rename the file as your last name, followed by your first name, and A10 (i.e. Lastname_firstnameA10.xxx). Worth 20 points 1. What are the components of a nucleotide? (0.5pts) nitrogenous base, five-carbon sugar, and phosphate group . 2. Define the following terms (what are each of these used for): (1pt) a. DNA Polymerase - It is an enzyme that plays an important role in DNA replication by initiating the addition of nucleotides to the growing DNA strand by helping it synthesize a complementary strand of DNA using the existing template piece as a guide. b. DNA ligase - It is an enzyme that joins two DNA fragments together by forming phosphodiester bonds between their sugar phosphate backbones and it is important for repairing damaged DNA. c. RNA Polymerase - It is an enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA molecules from a DNA template during transcription. It joins some parts of the DNA called promoters and catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between ribonucleotides, resulting in the production of RNA molecules that are complementary to the original DNA strand. 3. A biochemist identifies a new toxin that closes the nuclear pores of a cell’s nucleus. What cellular process would be disrupted by this toxin? Which one would not be? Briefly explain your answer either way. Refer to Figure 10.6A on page 194 in your textbook. (2pts) The cellular process that would be disrupted by this toxin is the transport of molecules in and out of the nucleus. Because the nuclear pores are responsible for regulating the passage of proteins, RNA, and other molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, by closing the pores, the toxin would prevent important molecules from entering or leaving the nucleus, leading to a disruption in gene expression and whole cellular function. Because processes such as DNA replication or protein synthesis that occur within the nucleus would not be directly affected by the toxin since they do not rely on the transport of molecules through nuclear pores. 4. Transcription converts the DNA message into an RNA message. (0.5pts)

5. Match the following terms with their correct description: (1pt) a. Promoter b. RNA polymerase c. Elongation d. Terminator c The RNA strand grows one amino acid at a time b Creates an RNA copy of a gene d A sequence of bases that determines the end of the gene a DNA sequence in front of the gene that determines the start of transcription 6. RNA splicing removes introns from the mRNA while keeping the exons . (0.5pts) 7. Which of the following processes occurs in the nucleus of a cell? (0.5pts) a. RNA splicing b. Addition of a 5′ cap c. Addition of a 3′ tail d. All of the above occur in the nucleus of a cell. 8. What are the roles of the following types of RNA: (1pt) a. mRNA - Messenger RNA role is to carry the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm and serves as a template for protein synthesis. b. rRNA - Ribosomal RNA role is a component of ribosomes and plays an important role in protein synthesis by catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids. c. tRNA - Transfer RNA role is to transports specific amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis based on the codons present on mRNA molecules and to ensures that the correct amino acid sequence is incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain. 9. Transcription occurs in the nucleus , while translation takes place in cytoplasm . (1pt) 10. What is a codon? (1pt) A codon is a group of three nucleotides that corresponds to a specific amino acid or serves as a start and stop signal for protein synthesis. It is an important component of the genetic code, allowing the translation of DNA and RNA into proteins. 11. What are the basic differences between DNA and RNA? (you should have 3 answers) (3pts) The differences between DNA and RNA are their structures, functions, and types of nucleotides. The DNA is double stranded, while RNA is single stranded. DNA carries the

genetic information serves as a blueprint for protein synthesis, while RNA plays various roles in gene expression and protein synthesis. And DNA also contains the nucleotides such as adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G) while RNA contains A ribose as its sugar component. 12. Describe what occurs in the process of transcription and where it takes place. (2pts) A transcription is a process when a genetic information is encoded in DNA and converted into RNA. It takes place in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to a specific region of DNA called the promoter and then proceeds to unwind and separate the DNA strands. The RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule, known as mRNA. And mRNA then carries a molecule of genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes, where it will be used as a template for protein synthesis. 13. Describes what occurs in translation and where it takes place. (Be sure to use terms such as: rRNA, Ribosome, tRNA, anticodon, amino acid and polypeptide) (3pts) Translation occurs on ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm, where mRNA is used to synthesize a polypeptide chain. It takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell, especially on ribosomes. During translation, rRNA provides the structural structure for the ribosome, while tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome based on their complementary anticodon sequences. The ribosome then catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids, resulting in the synthesis of a polypeptide chain. 14. Complete the following table, which compares the different kinds of mutations (3pts) Silent Mutation Missense Mutation Nonsense Mutation Frameshift Mutation Description It is a mutation that occurs in the DNA sequence but does not result in a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein. And it typically involves a substitution of one nucleotide It is a mutation that results in a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein. And it occurs when there is a substitution of one nucleotide for another, leading to a different codon It is a mutation that introduces a premature stop codon into the DNA sequence, resulting in a production of a truncated and nonfunctional protein. It is a mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of nucleotides in the DNA sequence, causing a shift in the reading frame during translation. And it leads to changes in all

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for another, but the results of codon still codes for the same amino acid. that codes for a different amino acid. subsequent like codons and can result in a completely altered and nonfunctional protein.

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