Blood Lab Worksheet

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Brigham Young University, Idaho *

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GENETICS

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Biology

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Feb 20, 2024

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W04 Worksheet: Blood Lab Follow the instructions below very carefully. Many of the items in this assignment require reading, or videos, or something else to do. Each question has either a text box that can be filled out or a box that can be checked to show completion. Be sure to type out your answers completely and expand the text boxes if you need the additional space. Question 1 --- 1 point Blood Since the beginning of time, people of all ages have considered blood to be the “essence of life.” What is blood, and why is it so important for our bodies in carrying out the essential processes of life? Blood is a type of connective tissue consisting of a liquid matrix that plays an essential role in the transportation process of the cardiovascular system. The liquid matrix or plasma, which consists of 90% water and 10% solutes (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and minerals) makes up about 55% of the total blood volume, and the formed elements, which includes the following: the erythrocytes (red blood cells), the leukocytes (white blood cells), and the platelets, make up the other 45%. The total blood volume in humans ranges from about 4–5 L in females to 5–6 L in males. Watch this video about blood cells (Links to an external site) that instructs you on how to tell the difference between blood cells ( 16:43 mins; Blood Cells Transcript Links to an external site. ) Which of the following is a circulating blood cell that is capable of differentiating into a cell that synthesizes antibodies? Check One: ☐ Neutrophil ☐ Basophil ☒ Lymphocyte ☐ Monocyte Question 2 --- 1 point An increased neutrophil count is typically associated with : Check one: ☒ An ongoing bacterial infection ☐ Neutropenia ☐ Allergic reactions ☐ An ongoing parasitic infection

Question 3 --- 1 point Which of the following blood cells have some properties similar to mast cells? Check one: ☒ Basophils ☐ Neutrophils ☐ Eosiniphils ☐ Lymphocytes ☐ Monocytes Question 4 --- 1 point Which of the following cells eventually become macrophages? Check one: ☐ Neutrophils ☐ Basophils ☒ Monocytes ☐ Erythrocytes ☐ Lymphocytes Question 5 --- 3 points Match the following descriptions with the correct blood cell. A. Carries a "Heme" group and is important for oxygen transport B. Least numerous of the circulating leukocytes C. First line of cellular defense against a bacterial invasion D. Also termed a Leukocyte E. Phagocytic cell. Leaves the blood to become a Macrophage in the tissues F. Often Bi-lobed, granules often stain red or orange. May release chemicals that fight inflammation G. Most numerous of the circulating leukocytes H. Round nucleus, Thin ring of cytoplasm around the edge. This cell also contributes to graft rejections I. Has Specific granules that contain heparin and histamine Blood Cell Answer Blood Cell Answer Blood Cell Answer Basophils B Neutrophils G Monocytes E Basophils I Eosinophils F All White Blood Cells D Neutrophils C Lymphocytes H No White Blood Cells A

Question 6 --- 1 point Blood Typing Every person's blood belongs to one of four ABO blood groups (type A, Type B, Type AB, and Type O) and in addition, blood is either Rh positive or Rh negative. The factors in the blood which determine blood type are proteins located on the outer surface of the red cells. These proteins are called agglutinogens or antigens. Red cells of type A blood have type A antigens (agglutinogens). Red cells of type AB blood have both A and B antigens (agglutinogens). Red cells of type O blood have neither A or B antigens. People who have type A blood have antibodies dissolved in their plasma which bind tightly to B antigens on red cells. These red cell binding antibodies are called B antibodies. Type B blood has in its plasma the A antibodies. Type AB blood has neither A nor B antibodies. Now consider what would happen if type A cells were mixed with serum from type B blood. The A antibodies present in the serum would bind tightly to A antigens on the red blood cells. This results in clumping of red blood cells. To determine blood type, a small drop of blood is mixed with anti-A antiserum. Clumping of red cells will occur if the blood is type A or type AB, but not if the blood is type B or type O. Then a drop of blood is mixed with anti-B antiserum. Clumping will occur if the blood is type B or type AB, but not if the blood is type A or O. In RH positive blood, red cells may contain antigens of the Rh group. The most common of these is designated "D". The antiserum used to detect this Rh antigen is termed anti-D antiserum. If the D antigen exists, we often refer to that as "+" or we use the term "positive". Lumping or agglutination of red cells when placed in anti-D antiserum indicated the Rh positive blood type. If no clumping occurs in this antiserum, the blood is Rh negative. In the case of a transfusion, a person's blood type needs to be compatible with the donor's blood type or a reaction can occur resulting from the immune system antibodies of the recipient attacking the incompatible donor blood cells. Also, it is very important to know the Rh factor status when a woman is pregnant. If a pregnant woman is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, the mother's immune system can sometimes attack the baby's blood cells because the mother will generate Rh antibodies and the baby will have Rh antigens. All women should have a blood typing test done to see if they are at risk. This blood typing is generally be done as part of routine prenatal care. This Blood Typing (Links to an external site.) video shows how we do a blood typing test in our lab. Students attending campus are instructed on how to do this for themselves ( 5:04 mins; Blood Typing Transcript (Links to an external site.) ) Be sure you can answer questions about blood transfusion compatibility for the exam. Did you complete all of the blood typing activities above? Your Answer:

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☒ Yes ☐ No Question 7 --- 1 point What are the 4 main blood types (without considering the Rh antigen group?) Your Answer: 1. Type A 2. Type B 3. Type AB 4. Type O Question 8 --- 1 point What are all the blood types that are ok for a person with B+ blood to receive? Your Answer: 1. B+ 2. B- 3. O+ 4. O- Question 9 --- 1 point If a person has type A- blood, then he or she would have what antibodies in their own serum? Your Answer: A person with type A-blood would have B and RH antibodies . Question 10 --- 1 point What type of blood is considered the universal donor? Explain why this type of blood works as a universal donor. Your Answer: Type O negative (O-) blood is the blood type that is thought to be the universal donor. This is due to the fact that type O negative blood is Rh-negative and lacks the A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells. It may be transfused into anyone with any ABO blood type and

Rh factor without triggering an unfavorable immunological response since it does not contain these antigens. Because type O negative blood's red blood cells lack any antigens that can cause an immunological reaction in the receiver, it functions as a universal donor. Consequently, anyone with type A, type B, type AB, or type O blood, as well as those who are Rh-positive or Rh-negative, can safely get a transfusion of it. This makes it essential in emergency scenarios when the recipient's blood type might not be identified right away or where there is a lack of transfusion-compatible blood types. Question 11 --- 1 point If a person has O+ blood, then list all the types of blood that they CANNOT receive. Your Answer: 1. A+ 2. B+ 3. AB+ Question 12 --- 2 points Hematocrit The hematocrit is the portion of total blood volume that is occupied by packed, (centrifuged) red blood cells. The hematocrit is expressed as a percentage by volume. For example, a hematocrit of 25% means that there are 25 milliliters of red blood cells in 100 milliliters of blood. In this same example, the red cells would make up a quarter of the blood. This person would be in trouble because the normal ranges for hematocrit are generally closer to 40% or 50%. Hematocrit does depend to some degree on a person’s fitness level, age, and gender. The normal ranges for hematocrit are the following:  Newborns: 55–68%  One (1) week of age: 47–65%  One (1) month of age: 37–49%  Three (3) months of age: 30–36%  One (1) year of age: 29–41%  Ten (10) years of age: 36–40%

 Adult males: 42–54%  Adult women: 38–46% Hematocrit is determined by collecting a small amount of blood in a capillary tube. This blood is then centrifuged at a high speed to pack the red cells. With all the cells packed at the bottom of the tube, you can calculate what percentage of the total volume that is red blood cells. Watch this Hematocrit (Links to an external site.) video that shows how we do a hematocrit test in lab ( 3:37 mins; Hematocrit Transcript (Links to an external site.) ). HEMATOCRIT CASE STUDY: Every 4 years, the best athletes from around the world put their training and abilities to the test at the Winter Olympic games. For some, athletes have frequently tried to improve their abilities through artificial means, often called ergogenic aides. Consider the true story of Johann Muehlegg. Muehlegg was a German born skier who competed in the Olympic games for both Germany and later Spain after moving there in 1999. He was most famous for winning several gold medals at the 2002 Winter Olympic games in Salt Lake City but then later being accused of blood doping and having his medals taken away from him. He was charged with using performance enhancing drugs that would enhance the oxygen carrying capacity of his blood. Below are some tables. The first shows normal ranges, and the next two show a data set similar to data collected from Muehlegg earlier in the year before the Olympics. The final data set shows data similar to what was collected at the 2002 Olympics while Muehlegg was competing. Normal Values for Blood Sample Male Female Hematocrit 40% - 50% 37% - 47% Hemoglobin (Hbg g/ dL * blood) 14 – 17g/dL 12 – 16 g/dL Red Cell Count (cells/ µL) 4.5 – 6.5 x 10 6 3.9 – 6 x 10 6 Meuhlegg’s Data Set #1 Male Hematocrit 50% Hemoglobin (Hbg g/ dL * blood) 17 g/dL Red Cell Count (cells/ µL) 5.5 x 10 6 Meuhlegg’s Data Set #2 Male Hematocrit 53% Hemoglobin (Hbg g/ dL * blood) 17.5 g/dL Red Cell Count (cells/ µL) 6.3 x 10 6 When confronted about how the data had changed (see tables above), Muehlegg claimed that it was due to his special diet and the dehydration he had experienced due to diarrhea that he had suffered the night before.

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Explain how diarrhea could cause a hematocrit value to increase. Your Answer: Because diarrhea lowers the body's levels of water and plasma, it may result in a rise in hematocrit. Hematocrit rises as a result of an increase in plasms. Question 13 --- 1 point In your opinion, what is a way that Muehlegg might quickly decrease his hematocrit? Explain. Your Answer: Muehlegg might rapidly lower his hematocrit by consuming plenty of water and remaining hydrated. Muehlegg's hematocrit percentage would drop as a result of this activity as the water would quickly dilute the concentration of the particles as it passed through the colon. Question 14 --- 2 points Muehlegg was eventually charged with using “darbepoetin.” Do your own research and explain how this drug affected Muehlegg's physiology and how it might have helped him perform better. (cite your sources) Your Answer:

Darbepoetin is a synthetically produced reformulated form of the medication erythropoietin, which was originally produced by the kidneys. Darbepoetin caused Muehlegg's body to produce more red blood cells than usual once he began taking it. Muehlegg's ability to transport oxygen is greatly enhanced by having more red blood cells than other Olympic competitors. As a result, Muehlegg's performance improves. Question 15 --- 2 points Bill decides to donate blood for a recent Red Cross drive. A blood test several days later revealed that Bill had a higher than average reticulocyte count. Do your own research on a reticulocyte count and answer the following: What are reticulocytes? Explain how donating blood could increase their numbers (cite your sources). Your Answer: A reticulocyte count is a type of computation used to determine the quantity of reticulocytes in the blood. Red blood cells in the process of forming are called reticulocytes. Giving blood can result in reticulocytes being present in an individual's blood, which can shorten and accelerate the life of red blood cells. subsequently leading to an increase in red blood cell formation.

Question 16 --- 2 points Blood Lipid Profile Blood lipid profiles involve a test that can help us determine the risk for coronary heart disease. Blood lipid profiles measure an individual’s total cholesterol, high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), and triglyceride levels (among other things) in the blood. This test is usually performed after a period of fasting for 12 hours, so as not to invalidate the results because of a previously eaten meal. View this blood lipid profile (Links to an external site.) video ( 6:39 mins; Blood Lipid Profile (Links to an external site.) ) that shows how a blood lipid profile is done in lab. If you are doing this lab on campus, your instructor will explain how you can do your own lipid profile in lab. If you are doing this lab strictly online, your instructor may give you extra credit to find a place that will help you do your own lipid profile. Check with your instructor. Do your own research to find out if your values are within normal ranges. This information is easy to find online, and you may also find a lot of advice on how to improve your numbers. Be careful though, not all advice given on the internet is validated by good scientific research. What concerns, if any, should the following individual have?  LDL 170, TC 200, HDL 41, Tri_Gly 155? Your Answer: Since ideal LDL values are less than 100 mg/dL, the person with the following lipid profile has an LDL (low-density lipoprotein) level of 170, which is regarded as excessive. Since the optimal total cholesterol is less than 200 mg/dL, their total cholesterol (TC) of 200 is on the high side. Higher readings are generally better. An HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) of 41 is slightly over the danger threshold (40 mg/dL and less are considered a major risk factor for heart disease). Finally, a triglyceride (Tri_Gly) level of 155 is considered to be on the high side; the ideal range is less than 150 mg/dL. It could be suggested that this person speak with a healthcare professional about how to reduce LDL and triglycerides and perhaps raise HDL by exercise, nutrition, and possibly medication.

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Question 17 --- 3 points Students are very interested in their health, and they want to live forever. Many have asked over the years if increased exercise can improve lipid profile numbers. Read the article, “A Review on the Impact of Exercise on Cholesterol Levels” (Links to an external site.) that reviews what we think we know about the influence of exercise on lipid profiles. Write an essay and summarize what you learned about exercise and lipid profiles. Be sure to summarize what the authors point out about the intensity of exercise. Your Answer: Membrane protein function is directly influenced and affected by lipid proteins. A significant number of amphitropic proteins that reversibly come into touch with the membrane's surface are also impacted. After that, this will function as a metabolic molecule to alert other substances to changes in proteins. All membrane proteins can have their folding, organization, and final structural configuration regulated by lipids. The function of cholesterol and how our bodies manage it are covered in this article. It described lipids as fatty materials produced by the body and contained in food, with cholesterol serving as the most prevalent example. I discovered that there is a direct correlation between a person's degree of activity and their risk of developing coronary heart disease or heart failure. The fundamental component influencing your body's cholesterol levels may be exercise. People who exercise have higher blood and cholesterol levels of HDL. According to the study cited in the article, regular exercise can positively affect HDLs and cholesterol metabolism in a person's everyday life.

Blood Lab Worksheet

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