VETT_136_Week_4

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Feb 20, 2024

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VETT-136 Clinical Pathology II: Leukocytes (WBCs) Week 4 Below is a diagram of the maturation sequence eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils progress through. I do not want you to get bogged down with the purpose of each step but rather for you to understand there are different life stages of the cells. As need increases, the bone marrow can release younger cells before they are fully mature. Reading Assignment 1: Chapter 10 Pages 57-59 The assigned pages will detail the 5 types of white blood cells we will evaluate when reviewing blood smears. The granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils; agranulocytes are the monocytes and lymphocytes. The neutrophils do not pick up much stain and the granules will appear very faint or a slight violet color. Eosinophils will pick up the acidic stain and appear reddish in color. The basophils will absorb the basic stain giving the granules a bluish tint. Canine neutrophil Feline basophil C: Canine eosinophil F: Feline eosinophil E: Equine eosinophil B: Bovine eosinophil 1
VETT-136 Clinical Pathology II: Leukocytes (WBCs) Week 4 Cell Type Image Reason for Increase Neutrophil -Bacterial infection -Stress reaction -Malignancy -Chemical intoxication -Metabolic intoxication (i.e. uremia) -Severe internal hemorrhage -Hemolysis of RBCs -Tissue necrosis -Granulocytic leukemia Eosinophil -Parasitism -Allergic response -Decomposition of body protein -Eosinophilic myositis -Eosinophilic enteritis -Adrena insufficiency (Addison’s Disease) Basophil Associated with increased eosinophils; not clinically significant Absence of eosinophilia- >consider mast cell tumor Lymphocyte -Inflammation of lymph tissue (i.e. tonsillitis) -Lymphatic leukemia -Seen in young animals -Viral infection Monocyte -Red circle indicates monocyte in the image -Associated with stress -Seen with chronic inflammatory lesions associated with higher bacteria & fungi 1. What are the primary functions of leukocytes? a. 2
VETT-136 Clinical Pathology II: Leukocytes (WBCs) Week 4 2. What is the most abundant leukocyte in the peripheral blood of most mammals? 3. What is the primary function of neutrophils? 4. Increased numbers of neutrophils indicate _____________________ or ________________. 5. What is the correct term to describe the cell which is functionally equivalent to the neutrophil? 6. When is a band neutrophil considered a segmented neutrophil? 7. The granules within eosinophils are relatively consistent in size and shape amongst all species. Ture or False? 8. Eosinophilia can be seen in what conditions? 9. Under what conditions is basophilia seen? 10. Which circulating leukocyte is the most prevalent in ruminants? 11. What is a major function of lymphocytes? 12. Increased numbers of lymphocytes can indicate ____________________________. 13. Based on size, what is the largest of the leukocytes in circulation? 14. What is the main function of monocytes? 15. Increased numbers of monocytes are seen in a variety of ________________________. Reading Assignment 2: Chapter 11 Pages 62-65 Quantifying Morphologic Changes Scale Method Using + Subjective Method 1+ 5-10% cells affected Slight Approximately 10% affected 2+ 10-25% cells affected Moderate Approximately 25% affected 3+ Approximately 50% affected Marked Greater than 50% affected 4+ More than 75% affected Fill in the missing information for the chart below using pages 63-65. This chart will provide an image of an abnormality (when available) and the other boxes are where you can fill out the additional information. Name of Abnormality Image of Abnormality Cause of Abnormality Additional Information Pelger-Huet Anomaly 3
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VETT-136 Clinical Pathology II: Leukocytes (WBCs) Week 4 Nuclear Hypersegmentation Toxic Change Intracytoplasmic Inclusions in Infectious Diseases Atypical Lymphocytes Reactive Lymphocytes Lysosomal Storage Disorders Birman Cat Neutrophil Granulation Anomaly 4
VETT-136 Clinical Pathology II: Leukocytes (WBCs) Week 4 Chediak-Higashi Syndrome Siderotic Granules Image not available Smudge Cells Karyolysis Image not available Pyknosis Karyorrhexis -Image of pyknosis and karyorrhexis Reading Assignment 3: Loy Text Pages 447-463 Task 8-Calculate Hematologic Indices Task 9-Evaluate Erythrocyte Morphology-Normal vs Abnormal Task 10-Perform Leukocyte Differential-Normal vs Abnormal Task 11-Calculate WBC Absolute Values Task 12-Correct WBC for NRBCs 5
VETT-136 Clinical Pathology II: Leukocytes (WBCs) Week 4 CBC with Differential Assignment (Must be submitted through Canvas) For this assignment, you will perform a manual complete blood count and differential on a sample that is also being processed by your in-clinic hematology analyzer or being sent out to your reference laboratory for a CBC. You must include a copy of the hematology report from the in-clinic analyzer or laboratory with your submission for comparison of your answers. If you do not submit the hematology report, you will not be able to pass the assignment. You will start by performing a packed cell volume and total protein. Once you have your values for these tests, you will calculate the estimated red blood cell count and the estimated hemoglobin. Then calculate the red blood cell indices and be sure to include the proper unit of measure with your answer or points will be deducted. Using the 40x objective lens, you will find the counting area of the blood smear and count the number of white blood cells seen in 5 fields; average this number and then multiply the average by 2,000. Use your textbooks to determine if the results you are getting are normal or abnormal for the species of patient. Here is an example: 5 Fields of White Blood Cells: 14, 12, 9, 15, 7 Average of the 5 fields: 14 + 12 + 9 + 15 + 7 = 57 57/5=11.4 11.4 x 2,000 = 22,800 WBC/microliter of blood Move to the 100x oil immersion lens and find your counting area again. Count 100 white blood cells and classify them as neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils or band neutrophils. Once you have reached 100 cells, you will need to calculate the absolute values. To do this, take the number of each cell/100; then multiply this number by the total WBC count. For example: 73 Neutrophils seen 73/100=0.73 0.73x22,800=16,644 Neutrophils/microliter of blood Once this is completed, view an additional 5 fields and count the number of platelets you see in those fields. Then average the 5 fields and multiply the number by 15,000. Here is an example of how to calculate the platelet estimate: 5 Fields of Platelets Counted: 23, 19, 22, 14, 17 Average of the 5 fields: 23 + 19+ 22+ 14 + 17 = 95 95/5 = 19 19 x 15,000 = 285,000 platelets per microliter of blood The last step is to review the red blood cell morphology. You will review several fields on the slide to evaluate the color, shape, and size of the erythrocytes. In the morphology section, on each line, you will need to record your finding; each line must add up to 4+. For example, if 75% of the erythrocytes are stained normally and 25% are lighter stained, you would report this as Normochromasia 3+, Hypochromasia 1+. The last line is for you to record any inclusions observed; these do not have to add up to 4+. The CBC assignment must be submitted through the Canvas submission area with the report from the hematology analyzer or laboratory report. You may cross out the client’s last name or other personal information that may appear on the report. 6
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