Physicology

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Arizona State University *

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101

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Biology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Uploaded by SargentSeahorseMaster249

1. When examining an individual and thinking about blood pressure, which of the following measures represents the pressure the body (cardiovascular control center) is monitoring? a. systolic/ diastolic pressures 2. Fred is experiencing pericarditis. In his case that is acute pericarditis from a virus. which of the following is a common symptom of pericarditis based on your understanding of its structure a. He may experience pain with each beat as the visceral layer rubs up against the parietal 3. The second fluid system of the body with the vascular system being the first is what? a. Lymphatic 4. Isovolumetric contraction is defined as a. While the heart is contracting in systole there will be no change in volume 5. Define mean arterial pressure a. The average blood pressure in an individual during a single cardiac cycle 6. If the k+ concentration in the extracellular fluid increases surrounding the cell but does not drastically change the intracellular k+ concentration what happens to the resting membrane potential of the cell? a. It hyperpolarizes and becomes less responsive 7. Blood flowing through blood vessels encounters friction from the walls of the vessels (radius of vessel) and from cells within the blood rubbing against one another as they flow (viscosity). These are the two variables for resistance. a. Ture or false 8. What is the name of the state when myosin head is tightly bound to the G-actin immoblie state? a. Rigor state 9. Nebulin helps align the actin/ thin filaments of the sarcomere a. True or false 10. The aortic semilunar valve opens when ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure a. True or false 11. Relaxed muscle fibers primarily occur as myosin is bound with ADP and Pi a. True or false

12. The regulatory protein for smooth muscle is called calmodulin a. True or false 13. All types of muscle are considered striated due to the presence of mysoin and actin a. True or false 14. An elevated pressure in the aorta will increase sv a. True or false 15. There is a lag between the muscle action potential and the initiation of the concentration. This is called _____ a. Latent period 16. When Ca2+ ions bind to troponin in skeletal muscle what happens to the myosin-binding sites? a. Myosin-binding sites on thin filament are revealed 17. The chordae tendonae pull open the atrioventricular valvues a. True or false 18. The basic unit of contraction in an intact skeletal muscle is a motor unit, composed of a group of muscle fibers that function together and the somatic motor neuron that controls them. a. True or false 19. Why does blood flow? a. All of the above 20. Identify the two organs/ areas where the efferent signals from the CVCC go a. Blood vessels and kidneys 21. Net entry of Na2+ ions through the cholinergic cation channels in the motor endplate directly initiates ____ a. Activation of DHP receptor to open RYR Ca2+ channels in SR 22. Define flow (using words) a. Flow is refers to the movement of blood through the vessels from arteries to the capillaries and then into the veins 23. What is the velocity of blood flow at the capillaries if flow is considered cardiac output and the maximal collective surface area is 1554 sq kilometers a. Very slow

24. If a person has a pulse pressure of 70 mmHg a heart rate of 70 bpm, a cardiac output of 5.4 L/min and a blood pressure of 140/70 mmHg. What is the MAP? a. Approximately 93 25. Blood enters the right atrium and must travel through which valve to enter the right ventricle? a. Tricuspid 26. Muscle cells may be called myofibers a. True or false 27. Blood leaving the right ventricle will enter the _____ a. Pulmonary arteries 28. The elastic fiber (part of the sarcomere) that aids in relaxation of the myocyte is a. titan 29. Pressure generated in the heart propels blood through the system episodically a. True or false 30. Which of the following tissue types for the vessel wall is the most predominant for the venules? a. endothelium 31. Heart muscle proper receives oxygenation right through the heart wall and does not require its own vasculature a. True or false 32. Muscle concentration in both skeletal and cardiac muscle is an all-or none process such that with excitation maximal contraction occurs a. True or false 33. Titan is inelastic giant protein that stabilizes the contractile filaments in a sarcomere a. True or false 34. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy in the adult is due to satellite cells a. True or false 35. The tension developed during a twitch is a direct reflection of the length of individual sarcomeres before concentration begins a. True or false 36. Muscles use ATP to change the conformation of the myosin molecule

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a. true or false 37. Instead of Z disc, smooth muslce has dense bodies to anchor the thin filaments a. True or false 38. The terminal cisternae are regions of the t-tubles of the sarcolemma a. True or false 39. What features of cardiac muslce prevents the developement of tetanus? a. The refractory period of cardiac muscle 40. We say that the heart is myogenic. What does that mean specifically for the cells of the heart? a. heart cells originate from muscle tissue 41. With visceral smooth muscle , which of the characteristics below is not true? 42. N/A 43. Skeletal muscle, also called voluntary muscle, is always attatched to bones of the skeleton a. True or false 44. If a person changes position and influences the amount of blood returning to the heart, the heart will contract harder to accommodate this filling, this is the frank starling law of the heart a. True or false 45. The inner lining of all blood vessels is a thin layer of endothelium a. True or false 46. The perimysium wraps around bundles of myofibrils a. True or false 47. The kidneys work in the body to restore blood volume and maintain MAP a. True or false 48. Arterioles can self-regulate flow through them via a. All of the above 49. All muscle types are innervated by the somatic motor system a. True or false 50. All of the blood vessels collectively can be known as the vasculature a. True or false 51. How would you describe the ejection fraction of nora’s heart prior to corrective surgery?

a. It was poor due to the VSD. 52. The formula given for calculating MAP applies to a typical resting heart rate of 60-80 beats/min. If heart rate increases, would the contribution of systolic pressure to mean arterial pressure decrease or increase, and would MAP decrease or increase? a. Increase, increase 53. Oxygen must reach the center of the muscle fiber for mitochondria to produce ATP. slow twitch fibers are typically bright red in color due to ____ a. Myoglobin in the muscle fibers 54. Single molecules, including, neurotransmitters, hormones, and paracrine signals, influence vascular smooth muscle tone. many vacioactive paracrine molecules are secreted either by endothelial cells lining blood vessels or by tissues surrounding the vessels. if the tissues become hypoxic (lack of adequate oxygen) the paracrines will promote vasoconstriction of arterioles a. True or false 55. With a ventricular septal defect, the output from the systemic and pulmonary circuits will ____ a. Be different such that systemic circut will eject larger volumes 56. In the graph for the change in membrane potential as a function of time for the contractile cells, what starts the action potential? a. All of the above 57. The sliding filament theory predicts that the tension generated by a muscle fiber is directly proportional to the number of cross Bridges formed between the thick and thin filaments. if the fibers start a contraction at a very long sarcomere length, the thick and thin filaments barely overlap and many cross Bridges can form. a. True or false 58. MAP is proportional to: a. Cardiac output and total peripheral resistance (TPR). 59. Glucagon is the storage form of glucose in skeletal muscle a. True or false 60. Hydrolysis of ATP on the myosin head results in a. Cocking of myosin head 61. Within skeletal muscle, each motor unit contracts in an all-or-none manner a. True or false

62. Which of the following tissue types for the vessel wall is the most predominant for the arteries? a. Smooth muscle 63. The length of the A band shortens with muscle contraction a. True or false 64. Active hyperemia is an increase in tissue blood flow following a period of low perfusion a. True or false 65. In skeletal muscle the action potential is generated as voltage-gated Na+ channels open on the sarcolemma. In cardiac muscle the action potential will open… a. Voltage gated sodium channels 66. Conduction cells have a stable resting membrane potential a. True or false 67. Remember nora? Her heart efficiency, even with the VSD, was normal as evident by her normal coloration at her tissues. If the hole in her heart shunted blood to her pulmonary circuit, the left ventricular stroke volume will ______ and her heart rate must _____ a. Increase; increase 68. Skeletal muscle relies on intracellular calcium stores for concentration while both smooth muscle and cardiac muscle rely on extracellular stores exclusively for contraction a. True or false 69. Define what “heart block” relates to when discussing the conduction cells and the overall conduction pathway a. The electrical signal between nodes is delayed 70. Changes in SV can be due to changes in preload, contractility, and afterload a. True or false 71. Which of the following tissue types for the vessel wall is the most predominant for the arterioles? a. Smooth muscle 72. All muscle rely on an intracellular Ca2+ ion signal to initiate contraction a. True or false 73. What is the significance of the I.f. channel in the conduction cells? a. They help make the natural pacemaker of the heart through electrical conduction.

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