BIO 240 Lab Report 2 FINAL HYBRID FORMAT (F23)

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Feb 20, 2024

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BIO 240 Fall 2023 Dr. Marta Klesath Lab Report 2: Axial Skeleton Group Activity – DUE BEFORE YOUR SCHEDULED IN- PERSON LAB 3 Assignment Description: Lab report two encompasses work completed in-person during your scheduled lab two. Course material covered during this lab relates to the axial skeleton. During lab you will work in assigned group, one group per table. You will rotate as a group through each of the six stations (1 station per table) completing the required lab activities. You will be given approximately 20 minutes at each station and your lab TA will let you know when you should rotate to the next station. This document summarizes the work you will be completing at each station, but you will be submitting this work for credit in moodle. Please note that since this is a group assignment only one person from each group will need to submit this assignment. It is expected that you will have time to complete this work during the lab, but, if necessary, you may complete it afterwards as long as it is submitted prior to the beginning of your next scheduled lab. However, please keep in mind that you will only receive feedback on this assignment after it is submitted, and this feedback may be extremely helpful when completing the associated post-lab assignment. You will be taking photos and submitting them within this document as part of this group activity. You may use your own devices or check out iPads available in lab to facilitate this process. TABLE 1: DISARTICULATED SKULL Prompt 1: Table 1 contains a disarticulated “exploded” skull model and a set of disarticulated, or loose, skull bones. You should reference the disarticulated skull model to help you identify the loose bones and their relative placement with other bones of the skull. Identify each loose bone type as either the mandible, maxilla, sphenoid, or temporal bone by adding the correct label next to that bone(s). Note that some bones are paired, and some are not. You should group paired bones together and identify the left and right bones specifically. You should add a label identifying each bone type as either “cranial” or “facial”. Take one or more pictures showing these disarticulated (loose) bones with the labels visible. Add this/these image/images below. Prompt 2: Label the listed bone features on each bone type. Take an image of the labeled bone to add below. In paired bones you may choose to label either the left or right side, but you do not have to label both. Mandible: Angle of mandible Condylar process Coronoid process Mandibular foramen Mandibular notch Mental foramen Ramus Maxilla: Anterior nasal spine P a g e 1 | 6

BIO 240 Fall 2023 Dr. Marta Klesath Infraorbital foramen Incisive foramen Maxillary sinus Zygomatic process Sphenoid: Foramen ovale Foramen rotundum Foramen spinosum Greater wing Lateral pterygoid plate Lesser wing Medial pterygoid plate Optic canal Sella turcica Temporal: Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Mandibular fossa Mastoid process Styloid process Stylomastoid foramen Zygomatic process TABLE 2: FETAL & ADULT SKULL Prompt 1: Some bones of the skull are joined by specialized immovable joints called sutures. Many of these sutures can be identified on the figures below and the skull models provided. The lambdoid suture is unique in that may have smaller, sutural bones associated with it. The pterion can be seen from the lateral view only. This is where several sutures merge together along four articulating bones (sphenoid, temporal, parietal, and frontal). Identify the sutures, sutural bones, and pterion on the adult skull by labeling them with the tape provided (various views may be required). Insert these images below. TABLE 2: FETAL & ADULT SKULL Prompt 1: Some bones of the skull are joined by specialized immovable joints called sutures. Many of these sutures can be identified on the figures below and the skull models provided. The lambdoid suture is unique in that may have smaller, sutural bones associated with it. The pterion can be seen from the lateral view only. This is where several sutures merge together along four articulating bones (sphenoid, temporal, parietal, and frontal). Identify the sutures, sutural bones, and pterion on the adult skull by labeling them with the tape provided (various views may be required). Insert these images below. Word Bank: Coronal suture Lambdoid suture Pterion Sagittal suture Squamous suture P a g e 2 | 6

BIO 240 Fall 2023 Dr. Marta Klesath Prompt 2: A newborn’s skull bones are not fully formed and therefore don’t completely encase the brain. The developing flat bones of the skull are interconnected in some areas by larger areas of dense connective tissue called fontanelles (commonly referred to as a baby’s “soft spot”). Label the fetal skull bones and fontanelles on the infant skull model using the word bank provided. Additionally, take a lateral and superior view of the models provided at your station and add the word bank labels to these models and take one or more images showing these structures. Word Bank: Anterior fontanelle Frontal bone Mandible Mastoid fontanelle Occipital bone Parietal bone Posterior fontanelle Sphenoid bone Sphenoidal fontanelle Temporal bone Prompt 3: The interior floor of the cranial cavity has three distinct curved, depressions which accommodate for the brain regions and are referred to as cranial fossae. Label each of the three cranial fossa regions as anterior, middle, or posterior on the model and take an image of this to attach below. Provide a summary of bones found in each fossa. TABLE 3: SKULL BONE FEATURE (INTERIOR) Prompt 1: There are multiple bone openings/channels associated with the cranial base. Once learned, these landmarks can be used to help you better identify specific bone features associated with the internal skull. Label the listed foramen on the model and take an image showing this to add below. Word Bank: Foramen lacerum Foramen magnum Foramen ovale Foramen rotundum Foramen spinosum Hypoglossal canal Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Optic canal Superior orbital fissure (under lesser wing) Prompt 2: There are also several prominent bone features visible from this interior view of the cranial base. Identify each feature from the word bank on the figure below. Additionally, take an image of the provided skull model and label the listed structures from the Word Bank below on this image. You may add your images to this document OR you may add a separate image document or slideshow to your submission. Word Bank: Basilar part P a g e 3 | 6

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BIO 240 Fall 2023 Dr. Marta Klesath Cribriform plate Crista galli Greater wing Internal occipital protuberance Lesser wing Sella turcica TABLE 4: SKULL BONE FEATURES (INFERIOR) Prompt 1: There are multiple bones that can viewed from the inferior view. Label the listed bones on the model and take an image showing this to add below. Word Bank: Maxilla Occipital bone Palatine bone Parietal bone Sphenoid bone Temporal bone Vomer Zygomatic bone Prompt 2: There are multiple foramen that can be viewed from the inferior view. Label the listed foramen on the model and take an image showing this to add below. Word Bank: Carotid canal Foramen lacerum Foramen magnum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Hypoglossal canal Incisive foramen Jugular foramen Palatine foramina Stylomastoid foramen Prompt 3: There are multiple foramen that can be viewed from the inferior view. Label the listed foramen on the model and take an image showing this to add below. Word Bank: Basilar part External occipital crest External occipital protuberance Inferior nuchal line Lateral pterygoid plate Mandibular fossa Mastoid process Medial pterygoid plate Occipital condyle Styloid process Superior nuchal line Temporal process TABLE 5: VERTEBRAL COLUMN & VERTEBRAL TYPE P a g e 4 | 6

BIO 240 Fall 2023 Dr. Marta Klesath Prompt 1: Identify each type of vertebrae and the curvature of the spine referencing the model and answer the associated questions/prompts. NOTE: You DO NOT have to label these regions, nor do you need to add an image for this prompt.  How many vertebrae are there for each type? Which vertebrae are fused?  Which of these curvatures are primary and which are secondary? What does this mean? Prompt 2: Label the loose vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, atlas and axis). Take an image of the labeled vertebrae and upload this image below. Additionally, answer the associated questions/prompts.  Describe the features you used to differentiate between the different vertebrae types.  Describe how the atlas and axis articulate with the occipital bone – identify specific features. TABLE 6: THORACIC CAGE, FUSED VERTEBRAE, AND HYOID Prompt 1: Identify the bones/feature on the thoracic cage below using the Word Bank provided. Label the listed structures from the Word Bank on the models provided. Take an image(s) to upload below showing these labels. Word Bank: Body of sternum Clavicular notch Costal cartilages Costal notch False ribs Floating ribs Manubrium Sternal angle Suprasternal notch True ribs Xiphoid process Prompt 2: Label the bones features from the list below on the hyoid bone. Take an image of the labeled hyoid, insert it below, and answer the related question. Word Bank: Greater cornu Lesser cornu  What vertebrae type is the hyoid associated with? Prompt 3: The sacrum and coccyx are both formed from fused vertebrae. Label the vertebral features on the model using the Word Bank provided. Insert an image(s) of this below. Word Bank: Coccygeal cornu Coccyx Median Sacral Crest P a g e 5 | 6

BIO 240 Fall 2023 Dr. Marta Klesath Promontory Sacral Canal Sacral Cornu Sacral Foramina Sacral hiatus Superior articular facet Superior articular process Transverse ridges P a g e 6 | 6

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BIO 240 Lab Report 2 FINAL HYBRID FORMAT (F23)

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