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Do some research on what the annual rainfall and temperature should typically look like for your biome. Then, draw a graph of the annual rainfall and temperature for your biome. Take a picture of your graph and attach it here. Please cite your sources using this tool and paste your citations below. Bronner, Amy. “Alaska Arctic Tundra.” Alaska Arctic Tundra, Amy Bronner, 18 Mar. 2014, ab554.wordpress.com/2014/03/18/climate.Earth Observatory. “Tundra.” Earth Observatory, earthobservatory.nasa.gov/biome/biotundra.php. Accessed 20 May 2021.Gupta, Siddhika, and Tabitha Wong. “AlaskanTundranProject.” AlaskanTundranProject, arctictundraproject.wordpress.com/2013/10/29/clmate-of-the-alaskan-tundra.

List and describe (in your own words) the abiotic factors in your biome. Please cite your sources using this tool and paste your citations below. ● Cold and Strong Wind ● Snow ● Temperature ● Permafrost ● Little sunlight ● Soil ● Rocks ● Rain Permafrost is everywhere in the Arctic Tundra, making it the most significant abiotic factor in the biome. Temperature, snow, soil, rain, rocks, and strong winds are abiotic as it is not living. Sun doesn’t reach much in the tundras since it is in the northern hemisphere and at the top of the world. Liu, Melody. “Abiotic Factors.” The Tundra Biome, the-tundra.weebly.com/abiotic-factors.html. Accessed 20 May 2021. Long, Kat. “Biotic & Abiotic Factors in the Tundra.” Sciencing, 26 June 2018, sciencing.com/biotic-abiotic-factors-in-the-tundra-12083312.html.

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(Biotic factor #1) Niche: Decompose matter Habitat: All around the world some on land and aquatic Common Name: Fungi Scientific Name: Agaricus aff. Agustus Long, Kat. "Biotic & Abiotic Factors in the Tundra" sciencing.com , https://sciencing.com/biotic-abiotic-factors-in-the-tundra-12083312.html. 24 May 2021. “Habitats of Fungi.” Ck12.Org . www.ck12.org/biology/fungi-habitat/lesson/habitats-of-fungi-advanced-bio-adv/#:~:text=Fungi%2 0are%20found%20all%20around,%2C%20animals%2C%20or%20other%20fungi. Accessed 24 May 2021

(Biotic factor #2) Niche: Soil erosion Habitat: Moist environments Common Name: Moss Scientific Name: Bryophyta “Moss.” Encyclopedia , 14 May 2018,www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/plants/plants/moss#:~:text=regulate%20spore%20dispersal.-,Habitat%20and%20e cology,are%20no%20salt%20water%20species. Long, Kat. "Biotic & Abiotic Factors in the Tundra" sciencing.com , https://sciencing.com/biotic-abiotic-factors-in-the-tundra-12083312.html. 24 May 2021. “Habitats of Fungi.” Ck12.Org . “Basic Moss Biology.” Oregon State University , bryophytes.science.oregonstate.edu/page3.htm#:~:text=Mosses%20occupy%20an%20important%20ecological,this%20job%20in% 20temperate%20regions. Accessed 24 May 2021.

(Biotic factor #3) Niche: Dwarf birch Habitat: Where vegetation is dominated by woody plants Common Name: Shrubs Scientific Name: Betula Nana Lindsey, Rebecca. “Shrub Takeover One Sign of Arctic Change.” Climate.Gov , 18 Jan. 2012, www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/shrub-takeover-one-sign-arctic-change. “Management of Young Forest and Scrub ‐ Shrub Habitats in Connecticut Through NRCS.” U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service , vol. Unknown, no. Unknown, 2009, pp. 1–2, www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_011010.pdf . Degnan, Sasha. "Shrubs in the Tundra" sciencing.com, https://sciencing.com/shrubs-in-the-tundra-13428435.html. 24 May 2021.

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(Biotic factor #4) Niche: Eating anything with nutritional value, aerate soil, pollination, controlling insect and plant pests Habitat: Live on land Common Name: Insects Scientific Name: Insecta “Importance of Insects.” Flexbooks.Ck12.Org , 10 Mar. 2019, flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-middle-school-life-science-2.0/section/9.18/primary/lesson/importance-of-insects-ms-ls. Long, Kat. "Biotic & Abiotic Factors in the Tundra" sciencing.com, https://sciencing.com/biotic-abiotic-factors-in-the-tundra-12083312.html. 24 May 2021.

(Biotic factor #5) Niche: Salinity Habitat: Everywhere in the waters Common Name: Fish Scientific Name: Chondrichthyes “Niches & Competition.” Khan Academy , www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/ecology-ap/community-ecology/a/niches-co mpetition#:~:text=The%20niche%20cocept&text=For%20example%2C%20a%20fish%2 0species,of%20food%20it%20can%20eat. Accessed 24 May 2021. Long, Kat. "Biotic & Abiotic Factors in the Tundra" sciencing.com, https://sciencing.com/biotic-abiotic-factors-in-the-tundra-12083312.html. 24 May 2021.

(Biotic factor #6) Niche: Competition for food Habitat: Hidden places where they can hide from predators and cold weather Common Name: Birds Scientific Name: Aves Noll, Paul. “Bird Niches In Its Habitats.” Avian Ecology , www.paulnoll.com/Oregon/Birds/ecology-niches.html#:~:text=Bird%20Niches%20in%20its%20Habitat&text=A%20niche%20i%20the %20role,species%20eventually%20excludes%20the%20other. Accessed 24 May 2021. “Bird Habitat Necessities.” Audubon , ny.audubon.org/birds-0/bird-habitat-necessities#:~:text=Birds%20need%20places%20where%20they,places%20of%20ret reat%20and%20safety. Accessed 24 May 2021.

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(Biotic factor #7) Niche: They feed on vegetation Habitat: Eastern, Northern, and Southwestern Alaska Common Name: Arctic Ground Squirrel Scientific Name: Spermophilus parryii “Arctic Ground Squirrel.” The Great State of Alaska , www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=arcticgroundsquirrel.printerfriendly#:~:text =Arctic%20ground%20squirrels%20are%20highly,plants%2C%20as%20well%20 as%20mushrooms. Accessed 24 May 2021.

(Biotic factor #8) Niche: They eat small fish and are important for larger predators Habitat: Antarctica Common Name: Emperor Penguin Scientific Name: Aptenodytes Forster Emperor Penguin - Facts, Diet, Habitat & Pictures on Animalia.bio

(Biotic factor #9) Niche: Live in small groups, eat grasses and stuff, make homes in snow. Habitat: Arctic Common Name: Lemming Scientific Name: Lemmini What Are Some Niches of Animals in the Arctic Tundra? | Animals.mom.com

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(Biotic factor #10) Niche:Carnivorous hunters, control numbers of animals in region Habitat: Arctic Common Name: Arctic wolf Scientific Name: Canis Lupus Arctos Arctic Wolf - Facts, Diet, Habitat & Pictures on Animalia.bio

Predator/Prey Definition: A predator is an organism that hunts and a prey is what the predator is hunting for food. Example from your biome: Wolves hunting caribous Why these organisms fit in the “Predator/Prey” category: Wolves hunt for food and caribous is their food and lower in the food chain. “PREDATOR-PREY RELATIONSHIPS.” NEW ENGLAND COMPLEX SYSTEMS INSTITUTE , necsi.edu/predator-prey-relationships#:~:text=A%20predator%20is%20an%20organism,organism%20which%20the%20predar or%20eats.&text=The%20words%20%22predator%22%20and%20%22,and%20lettuce%2C%20grasshopper%20and%20leaf. Accessed 26 May 2021. Cuvillier, William. “Are There Specific Predator/Prey Relationships in the Tundra?” Askinglot , 11 Apr. 2020, askinglot.com/are-there-specific-predatorprey-relationships-in-the-tundra#:~:text=predator%2Fprey%20relationships%3A%20arctic%20Fox,plant%20lif e%20to%20obtain%20engergy. Mutualism Definition: When organisms benefit off of each other Example from your biome: Lichen and fungus Why these organisms fit in the “Mutualism” category: Lichen lives in the fungus, giving it sugar and oxygen. The fungus provides protection to the lichen and collects salt and water for it’s cells. This shows that they both benefit off of each other.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Mutualism". Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 Aug. 2018, https://www.britannica.com/science/mutualism-biology. Accessed 26 May 2021. Bronner, Amy. “SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS.” ALASKA ARCTIC TUNDRA , 26 Mar. 2014, ab554.wordpress.com/2014/03/26/symbiotic-relationships/#:~:text=A%20well%20known%20example%20of,salts%20for%20th e%20algae%20cells. Commensalism Definition: When one organism benefits off of another organism but that organism does not benefit from the other. Example from your biome: Caribou and fox Why these organisms fit in the “Commensalism” category: While the caribou is eating the lichen, it digs up the soil which slightly exposes the small animals underground. This helps the fox as it can finish digging up the small animals and eat them. This doesn’t affect the caribou but does for the fox. Bronner, Amy. “SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS.” ALASKA ARCTIC TUNDRA , 26 Mar. 2014, ab554.wordpress.com/2014/03/26/symbiotic-relationships/#:~:text=A%20well%20known%20example%20of,salts%20for%20the%20algae %20cells. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Commensalism". Encyclopedia Britannica, 27 Dec. 2017, https://www.britannica.com/science/commensalism. Accessed 26 May 2021. Parasitism Definition: When one species benefits off of another

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species but that species is being harmed in the process. Example from your biome: Tapeworm cysts and wolves Why these organisms fit in the “Parasitism” category: The tapeworm feeds off of the wolf but the wolf becomes malnutrition in the process. Bronner, Amy. “SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS.” ALASKA ARCTIC TUNDRA , 26 Mar. 2014, ab554.wordpress.com/2014/03/26/symbiotic-relationships/#:~:text=A%20well%20known%20example%20of,salts%20for%20the%20algae %20cells. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Parasitism". Encyclopedia Britannica, 29 May. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/science/parasitism. Accessed 26 May 2021.

Upload a photo of your food web to this slide (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/) Upload a photo of your food pyramid to this slide

Nunez, Christina. “Tundra Facts.” National Geographic, 12 Feb. 2019, www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/tundra-biome.

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